四个Python项目管理与构建工具，建议收藏！

$ pip install cookiecutter
$ cookiecutter gh:audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage    
# 以 github 上的 audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage 为模板，再回答一堆的问题生成一个 Python 项目
......
project_name [Python Boilerplate]: sample
......

$ tree sample
sample
├── AUTHORS.rst
├── CONTRIBUTING.rst
├── HISTORY.rst
├── LICENSE
├── MANIFEST.in
├── Makefile
├── README.rst
├── docs
│   ├── Makefile
│   ├── authors.rst
│   ├── conf.py
│   ├── contributing.rst
│   ├── history.rst
│   ├── index.rst
│   ├── installation.rst
│   ├── make.bat
│   ├── readme.rst
│   └── usage.rst
├── requirements_dev.txt
├── sample
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── cli.py
│   └── sample.py
├── setup.cfg
├── setup.py
├── tests
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── test_sample.py
└── tox.ini
3 directories, 26 files

$ tree sample
sample
├── Makefile
├── README.rst
├── docs
│   └── index.rst
├── requirements.txt
├── sample
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── sample.py
├── setup.cfg
├── setup.py
└── tests
   ├── __init__.py
   └── test_sample.py

$ make
clean                remove all build, test, coverage and Python artifacts
clean-build          remove build artifacts
clean-pyc            remove Python file artifacts
clean-test           remove test and coverage artifacts
lint                 check style
test                 run tests quickly with the default Python
test-all             run tests on every Python version with tox
coverage             check code coverage quickly with the default Python
docs                 generate Sphinx HTML documentation, including API docs
servedocs            compile the docs watching for changes
release              package and upload a release
dist                 builds source and wheel package
install              install the package to the active Python's site-packages

$ pip install pyscaffold
$ putup sample

$ tree sample
sample
├── AUTHORS.rst
├── CHANGELOG.rst
├── CONTRIBUTING.rst
├── LICENSE.txt
├── README.rst
├── docs
│   ├── Makefile
│   ├── _static
│   ├── authors.rst
│   ├── changelog.rst
│   ├── conf.py
│   ├── contributing.rst
│   ├── index.rst
│   ├── license.rst
│   ├── readme.rst
│   └── requirements.txt
├── pyproject.toml
├── setup.cfg
├── setup.py
├── src
│   └── sample
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── skeleton.py
├── tests
│   ├── conftest.py
│   └── test_skeleton.py
└── tox.ini

$ tox -av
default environments:
default   -> Invoke pytest to run automated tests
additional environments:
build     -> Build the package in isolation according to PEP517, see https://github.com/pypa/build
clean     -> Remove old distribution files and temporary build artifacts (./build and ./dist)
docs      -> Invoke sphinx-build to build the docs
doctests  -> Invoke sphinx-build to run doctests
linkcheck -> Check for broken links in the documentation
publish   -> Publish the package you have been developing to a package index server. By default, it uses testpypi. If you really want to publish your package to be publicly accessible in PyPI, use the `-- --repository pypi` option.

$ pip install pybuilder
$ mkdir sample && cd sample    # 项目目录需手工创建
$ pyb --start-project          # 回答一些问题后创建所需的目录和文件

$ tree sample
.
├── build.py
├── docs
├── pyproject.toml
├── setup.py
└── src
   ├── main
   │   ├── python
   │   └── scripts
   └── unittest
       └── python

$ pyb -t sample
Tasks found for project "sample":
                 analyze -  Execute analysis plugins.
                           depends on tasks: prepare run_unit_tests
                   clean - Cleans the generated output.
         compile_sources - Compiles source files that need compilation.
                           depends on tasks: prepare
                coverage - <no description available>
                           depends on tasks: verify
                 install - Installs the published project.
                           depends on tasks: package publish(optional)
                 package - Packages the application. Package a python application.
                           depends on tasks: compile_sources run_unit_tests(optional)
                 prepare - Prepares the project for building. Creates target VEnvs
       print_module_path - Print the module path.
      print_scripts_path - Print the script path.
                 publish - Publishes the project.
                           depends on tasks: package verify(optional) coverage(optional)
   run_integration_tests - Runs integration tests on the packaged application.
                           depends on tasks: package
          run_unit_tests - Runs all unit tests. Runs unit tests based on Python's unittest module
                           depends on tasks: compile_sources
                  upload - Upload a project to PyPi.
                  verify - Verifies the project and possibly integration tests.
                           depends on tasks: run_integration_tests(optional)
$ pyb run_unit_tests sample

@init
def set_properties(project):
   project.depends_on('boto3', '>=1.18.52')
   project.build_depends_on('mock')

$ pip install poetry
$ poetry new sample

$ tree sample
sample
├── README.rst
├── pyproject.toml
├── sample
│   └── __init__.py
└── tests
   ├── __init__.py
   └── test_sample.py

# 往 pyproject.toml 中添加对  boto3 的依赖并安装(add 还能从本地或 git 来安装依赖 ),
poetry add boto3    
# 将依照 pyproject.toml 文件中定义安装相应的依赖到当前的 Python 虚拟环境中
# 比如在 <test-venv>/lib/python3.9/site-packages 目录中，安装好模块后也可让测试用例使用
poetry install

1.  poetry build    # 构建可安装的 *.whl 和 tar.gz 文件
2.  poetry shell    # 会根据定义在 pyproject.toml 文件中的依赖创建并使用虚拟环境
3.  poetry run pytest    # 运行使用 pytest 的测试用例，如 tests/test_sample.py
4.  poetry run python -m unittest tests/sample_tests.py  # 运行 unittest 测试用例
5.  poetry export --without-hashes --output requirements.txt  # 导出 requirements.txt 文件, --dev  导出含 dev 的依赖，或者用 poetry export --without-hashes > requirements.txt

def main():
   print('hello poetry')

[tool.poetry.scripts]
my-script="sample.my_module:main"