Python办公自动化，五分钟掌握openpyxl操作！-python办公自动化

今天给大家分享一篇用openpyxl操作Excel的文章。

各种数据需要导入Excel？多个Excel要合并？目前，Python处理Excel文件有很多库，openpyxl算是其中功能和性能做的比较好的一个。接下来我将为大家介绍各种Excel操作。

1、打开Excel文件

新建一个Excel文件

>>> from openpyxl import Workbook
>>> wb = Workbook()

打开现有Excel文件

>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
>>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')

打开大文件时，根据需求使用只读或只写模式减少内存消耗。

wb = load_workbook(filename='large_file.xlsx', read_only=True)
wb = Workbook(write_only=True)

2、获取、创建工作表

获取当前活动工作表：

>>> ws = wb.active

创建新的工作表：

>>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default)
   # or
   >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position
   # or
   >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # insert at the penultimate position

使用工作表名字获取工作表：

>>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]

获取所有的工作表名称：

>>> print(wb.sheetnames)
   ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
使用for循环遍历所有的工作表：
   >>> for sheet in wb:
   ...     print(sheet.title)

3、保存

保存到流中在网络中使用：

>>> from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
   >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
   >>> wb = Workbook()
   >>> with NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp:
           wb.save(tmp.name)
           tmp.seek(0)
           stream = tmp.read()
保存到文件：
   >>> wb = Workbook()
   >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')
保存为模板：
   >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
   >>> wb.template = True
   >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx')

4、单元格

单元格位置作为工作表的键直接读取：

>>> c = ws['A4']

为单元格赋值：

>>> ws['A4'] = 4
   >>> c.value = 'hello, world'

多个单元格可以使用切片访问单元格区域：

>>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']

使用数值格式：

>>> # set date using a Python datetime
   >>> ws['A1'] = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 21)
   >>>
>>> ws['A1'].number_format
   'yyyy-mm-dd h:mm:ss'

使用公式：

>>> # add a simple formula
   >>> ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1, 1)"

合并单元格时，除左上角单元格外，所有单元格都将从工作表中删除：

>>> ws.merge_cells('A2:D2')
   >>> ws.unmerge_cells('A2:D2')
   >>>
>>> # or equivalently
   >>> ws.merge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)
   >>> ws.unmerge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)

5、行、列

可以单独指定行、列、或者行列的范围：

>>> colC = ws['C']
   >>> col_range = ws['C:D']
   >>> row10 = ws[10]
   >>> row_range = ws[5:10]

可以使用Worksheet.iter_rows()方法遍历行：

>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
   ...    for cell in row:
   ...        print(cell)
   <Cell Sheet1.A1>
   <Cell Sheet1.B1>
   <Cell Sheet1.C1>
   <Cell Sheet1.A2>
   <Cell Sheet1.B2>
   <Cell Sheet1.C2>

同样的Worksheet.iter_cols()方法将遍历列：

>>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
   ...     for cell in col:
   ...         print(cell)
   <Cell Sheet1.A1>
   <Cell Sheet1.A2>
   <Cell Sheet1.B1>
   <Cell Sheet1.B2>
   <Cell Sheet1.C1>
   <Cell Sheet1.C2>

遍历文件的所有行或列，可以使用Worksheet.rows属性：

>>> ws = wb.active
   >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'
   >>> tuple(ws.rows)
   ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>),
   (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))

或Worksheet.columns属性：

>>> tuple(ws.columns)
   ((<Cell Sheet.A1>,
   <Cell Sheet.A2>,
   <Cell Sheet.A3>,
   <Cell Sheet.A4>,
   <Cell Sheet.A5>,
   <Cell Sheet.A6>,
   ...
   <Cell Sheet.B7>,
   <Cell Sheet.B8>,
   <Cell Sheet.B9>),
   (<Cell Sheet.C1>,
   <Cell Sheet.C2>,
   <Cell Sheet.C3>,
   <Cell Sheet.C4>,
   <Cell Sheet.C5>,
   <Cell Sheet.C6>,
   <Cell Sheet.C7>,
   <Cell Sheet.C8>,
   <Cell Sheet.C9>))

使用Worksheet.append()或者迭代使用Worksheet.cell()新增一行数据：

>>> for row in range(1, 40):
   ...     ws1.append(range(600))
   >>> for row in range(10, 20):
   ...     for col in range(27, 54):
   ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=row, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))

插入操作比较麻烦。可以使用Worksheet.insert_rows()插入一行或几行：

>>> from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter
     >>> ws.insert_rows(7)  
    >>> row7 = ws[7]
    >>> for col in range(27, 54):
   ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=7, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))
Worksheet.insert_cols()操作类似。Worksheet.delete_rows()和Worksheet.delete_cols()用来批量删除行和列。

6、只读取值

使用Worksheet.values属性遍历工作表中的所有行，但只返回单元格值：

for row in ws.values:
      for value in row:
        print(value)

Worksheet.iter_rows()和Worksheet.iter_cols()可以设置values_only参数来仅返回单元格的值：

>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True):
   ...   print(row)
   (None, None, None)
    (None, None, None)