MySQL作为关系型数据库的典型代表,在国内环境里经历风雨磨砺,不断地精进,已经在开发和运维方面,成型了一套的规范。这些规范让了解和使用MySQL更加得心应手,并对后期的一些问题起到了很好的预防作用。
结合个人经验,下面具体讲解十个“合规检查”:
1. 数据库大表信息查看
统计某库下各表大小,不要存在过大的表信息。本身分配内存有限,过大的表会不停地刷新新旧数据,IO交付频繁,导致性能衰减。
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
- TABLE_NAME TABLE_NAME, TABLE_ROWS,
- CONCAT(ROUND(data_length / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') data_length,
- CONCAT(ROUND(index_length / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') index_length,
- CONCAT(ROUND(ROUND(data_length + index_length) / (1024 * 1024),2),'M') total_size,
- engine
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('INFORMATION_SCHEMA' ,
- 'performance_schema',
- 'sys',
- 'mysql')
- ORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC LIMIT 10;
- +--------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+
- | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | TABLE_ROWS | data_length | index_length | total_size | ENGINE |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+
- | employees | salaries | 1910497 | 64.59M | 0.00M | 64.59M | InnoDB |
- | employees | employees | 299556 | 14.52M | 10.03M | 24.55M | InnoDB |
- | employees | employees01 | 101881 | 5.52M | 8.55M | 14.06M | InnoDB |
- | employees | t_temp | 95374 | 5.52M | 5.52M | 11.03M | InnoDB |
- | db3 | t_temp | 1000 | 0.08M | 0.13M | 0.20M | InnoDB |
- | db3 | transportorder | 3 | 0.02M | 0.06M | 0.08M | InnoDB |
- | db3 | transportorderwaybill | 3 | 0.02M | 0.05M | 0.06M | InnoDB |
- | db1 | pt1 | 10 | 0.06M | 0.00M | 0.06M | InnoDB |
- | db1 | city | 2 | 0.02M | 0.03M | 0.05M | InnoDB |
- | db2 | tabname | 30 | 0.02M | 0.03M | 0.05M | InnoDB |
- +--------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+--------+
- 10 rows in set (0.20 sec)
2. 存储引擎
存储引擎分布,innodb引擎最适合因为支持事务,行锁级别。
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
- ENGINE,
- COUNT(*)
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
- 'PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA',
- 'SYS',
- 'MYSQL')
- AND TABLE_TYPE='BASE TABLE'
- GROUP BY TABLE_SCHEMA,
- ENGINE;
- 非 INNODB 存储引擎表
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
- TABLE_NAME,
- TABLE_COLLATION,
- ENGINE,
- TABLE_ROWS
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
- 'SYS',
- 'MYSQL',
- 'PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA')
- AND TABLE_TYPE='BASE TABLE'
- AND ENGINE NOT IN ('INNODB')
- ORDER BY TABLE_ROWS DESC ;
3. 主键
无主键、无唯一键表。复制主键最重要,数据操作主键效率高。
- SELECT T1.TABLE_SCHEMA,
- T1.TABLE_NAME
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS T1 JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES T2 ON T1.TABLE_SCHEMA=T2.TABLE_SCHEMA AND T1.TABLE_NAME=T2.TABLE_NAME
- WHERE T1.TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('SYS',
- 'MYSQL',
- 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
- 'PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA')
- AND T2.TABLE_TYPE='BASE TABLE'
- GROUP BY T1.TABLE_SCHEMA,
- T1.TABLE_NAME HAVING group_concat(COLUMN_KEY) NOT REGEXP 'PRI|UNI';
4. not utf8 table
生僻字成乱码,表情符失效问题。
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_COLLATION
- from information_schema.TABLES
- WHERE TABLE_COLLATION NOT LIKE 'utf8%'
- AND table_schema NOT IN ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys');
5. 字符集验证
表之间Join字符集不对称,导致索引失效。
- 参看系统字符集:
- mysql> show global variables like 'collation%';
- 跟系统字符集不一样的数据库:
- SELECT b.SCHEMA_NAME, b.DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, b.DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME
- from information_schema.SCHEMATA b
- WHERE b.SCHEMA_NAME not in ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys')
- AND b.DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME<>@@collation_server ;
- 跟系统字符集不一样的表和字段:
- select distinct tschema,tname,tcoll
- from
- (
- select a.TABLE_SCHEMA as tschema , a.TABLE_NAME as tname,a.TABLE_COLLATION as tcoll
- from information_schema.TABLES a
- WHERE a.TABLE_SCHEMA not in ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys')
- and a.TABLE_COLLATION<>@@collation_server
- union
- select a.TABLE_SCHEMA as tschema, TABLE_NAME as tname, a.COLLATION_NAME as tcoll
- from information_schema.COLUMNS a
- WHERE a.TABLE_SCHEMA not in ('information_schema' ,'mysql','performance_schema', 'sys')
- and a.COLLATION_NAME<>@@collation_server ) as aa ;
6. 存储过程&函数
存储过程和函数查看,确实影响MySQL处理能力,后期也不好维护。
- ##MySQL5.7
- SELECT db,type,count(*)
- FROM mysql.proc
- WHERE db not in ('mysql','information_schema','performance_schema','sys')
- AND type='PROCEDURE'
- GROUP BY db, type;
- ##MySQL8.0
- SELECT Routine_schema, Routine_type
- FROM information_schema.Routines
- WHERE Routine_schema not in ('mysql','information_schema','performance_schema','sys')
- AND ROUTINE_TYPE='PROCEDURE'
- GROUP BY Routine_schema, Routine_type;
7. 统计视图
统计视图确实影响MySQL处理能力,后期也不好维护。特别是ddl变更要注意。
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA , COUNT(TABLE_NAME)
- FROM information_schema.VIEWS
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA not in ('mysql','information_schema','performance_schema','sys')
- GROUP BY TABLE_SCHEMA ;
8. 自增主键查看
主要考虑自增键超出范围,需要检查一下。
- SELECT infotb.TABLE_SCHEMA ,
- infotb.TABLE_NAME,
- infotb.AUTO_INCREMENT,
- infocl.COLUMN_TYPE ,
- infocl.COLUMN_NAME
- FROM information_schema.TABLES as infotb INNER JOIN information_schema.COLUMNS infocl
- ON infotb.TABLE_SCHEMA = infocl.TABLE_SCHEMA
- AND infotb.TABLE_NAME = infocl.TABLE_NAME
- AND infocl.EXTRA='auto_increment';
自增主键使用情况统计:
- SELECT infotb.TABLE_SCHEMA , infotb.TABLE_NAME, infotb.AUTO_INCREMENT,infocl.COLUMN_TYPE
- FROM information_schema.TABLES as infotb INNER JOIN information_schema.COLUMNS infocl
- ON infotb.TABLE_SCHEMA = infocl.TABLE_SCHEMA
- AND infotb.TABLE_NAME = infocl.TABLE_NAME
- AND infocl.EXTRA='auto_increment';
9. 分区表
尽量避免分区表,分区表性能问题:体现在分区锁,初期访问加载所有分区。
查看实例中的分区表相关信息:
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
- TABLE_NAME,
- count(PARTITION_NAME) AS PARTITION_COUNT,
- sum(TABLE_ROWS) AS TABLE_TOTAL_ROWS,
- CONCAT(ROUND(SUM(DATA_LENGTH) / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') DATA_LENGTH,
- CONCAT(ROUND(SUM(INDEX_LENGTH) / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') INDEX_LENGTH,
- CONCAT(ROUND(ROUND(SUM(DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH)) / (1024 * 1024),2),'M') TOTAL_SIZE
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('sys',
- 'mysql',
- 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
- 'performance_schema')
- AND PARTITION_NAME IS NOT NULL
- GROUP BY TABLE_SCHEMA,
- TABLE_NAME
- ORDER BY sum(DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH) DESC ;
- +--------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | PARTITION_COUNT | TABLE_TOTAL_ROWS | DATA_LENGTH | INDEX_LENGTH | TOTAL_SIZE |
- +--------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- | db | t1 | 365 | 0 | 5.70M | 17.11M | 22.81M |
- | db | t2 | 391 | 0 | 6.11M | 0.00M | 6.11M |
- | db | t3 | 4 | 32556 | 2.28M | 0.69M | 2.97M |
- | db | t4 | 26 | 0 | 0.41M | 2.44M | 2.84M |
- | db | t5 | 4 | 0 | 0.06M | 0.00M | 0.06M |
- | db | t6 | 4 | 0 | 0.06M | 0.00M | 0.06M |
- +--------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- 6 rows in set (1.04 sec)
- 查看某分区表具体信息,此处以库名为 db、表名为 e 的分区表为例:
- SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA,
- TABLE_NAME,
- PARTITION_NAME,
- PARTITION_EXPRESSION,
- PARTITION_METHOD,
- PARTITION_DESCRIPTION,
- TABLE_ROWS,
- CONCAT(ROUND(DATA_LENGTH / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') DATA_LENGTH,
- CONCAT(ROUND(INDEX_LENGTH / (1024 * 1024), 2),'M') INDEX_LENGTH,
- CONCAT(ROUND(ROUND(DATA_LENGTH + INDEX_LENGTH) / (1024 * 1024),2),'M') TOTAL_SIZE
- FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PARTITIONS
- WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA NOT IN ('sys',
- 'mysql',
- 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA',
- 'performance_schema')
- AND PARTITION_NAME IS NOT NULL
- AND TABLE_SCHEMA='db'
- AND TABLE_NAME='e';
- +--------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | PARTITION_NAME | PARTITION_EXPRESSION | PARTITION_METHOD | PARTITION_DESCRIPTION | TABLE_ROWS | DATA_LENGTH | INDEX_LENGTH | TOTAL_SIZE |
- +--------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- | db | e | p0 | id | RANGE | 50 | 4096 | 0.20M | 0.09M | 0.30M |
- | db | e | p1 | id | RANGE | 100 | 6144 | 0.28M | 0.13M | 0.41M |
- | db | e | p2 | id | RANGE | 150 | 6144 | 0.28M | 0.13M | 0.41M |
- | db | e | p3 | id | RANGE | MAXVALUE | 16172 | 1.52M | 0.34M | 1.86M |
- +--------------+------------+----------------+----------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+------------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
10. 计划任务
在不自觉中,自动执行。确认无法维护。
- SELECT EVENT_SCHEMA,EVENT_NAME
- FROM information_schema.EVENTS
- WHERE EVENT_SCHEMA not in ('mysql',
- 'information_schema',
- 'performance_schema',
- 'sys');
总结
以上合规检查已经为后期排除了很多隐患。做好上线数据库设计方面的合规检查,是必不可少的流程。
关于作者
崔虎龙,云和恩墨MySQL技术顾问,长期服务于金融、游戏、物流等行业的数据中心,设计数据存储架构,并熟悉数据中心运营管理的流程及规范,自动化运维等。擅长MySQL、Redis、MongoDB数据库高可用设计和运维故障处理、备份恢复、升级迁移、性能优化。自学通过了MySQL OCP 5.6和MySQL OCP 5.7认证。2年多开发经验,10年数据库运维工作经验,其中专职做MySQL工作8年;曾经担任过项目经理、数据库经理、数据仓库架构师、MySQL技术专家、DBA等职务;涉及行业:金融(银行、理财)、物流、游戏、医疗、重工业等。