什么是SLI/SLO
SLI,全名Service Level Indicator,是服务等级指标的简称,它是衡定系统稳定性的指标。
SLO,全名Sevice Level Objective,是服务等级目标的简称,也就是我们设定的稳定性目标,比如"4个9","5个9"等。
SRE通常通过这两个指标来衡量系统的稳定性,其主要思路就是通过SLI来判断SLO,也就是通过一系列的指标来衡量我们的目标是否达到了"几个9"。
如何选择SLI
在系统中,常见的指标有很多种,比如:
- 系统层面:CPU使用率、内存使用率、磁盘使用率等
- 应用服务器层面:端口存活状态、JVM的状态等
- 应用运行层面:状态码、时延、QPS等
- 中间件层面:QPS、TPS、时延等
- 业务层面:成功率、增长速度等
这么多指标,应该如何选择呢?只要遵从两个原则就可以:
- 选择能够标识一个主体是否稳定的指标,如果不是这个主体本身的指标,或者不能标识主体稳定性的,就要排除在外。
- 优先选择与用户体验强相关或用户可以明显感知的指标。
通常情况下,可以直接使用谷歌的VALET指标方法。
- V:Volume,容量,服务承诺的最大容量
- A:Availability,可用性,服务是否正常
- L:Latency,延迟,服务的响应时间
- E:Error,错误率,请求错误率是多少
- T:Ticket,人工介入,是否需要人工介入
这就是谷歌使用VALET方法给的样例。
上面仅仅是简单的介绍了一下SLI/SLO,更多的知识可以学习《SRE:Google运维解密》和赵成老师的极客时间课程《SRE实践手册》。下面来简单介绍如何使用Prometheus来进行SLI/SLO监控。
service-level-operator
Service level operator是为了Kubernetes中的应用SLI/SLO指标来衡量应用的服务指标,并可以通过Grafana来进行展示。
Operator主要是通过SLO来查看和创建新的指标。例如:
- apiVersion: monitoring.spotahome.com/v1alpha1
- kind: ServiceLevel
- metadata:
- name: awesome-service
- spec:
- serviceLevelObjectives:
- - name: "9999_http_request_lt_500"
- description: 99.99% of requests must be served with <500 status code.
- disable: false
- availabilityObjectivePercent: 99.99
- serviceLevelIndicator:
- prometheus:
- address: http://myprometheus:9090
- totalQuery: sum(increase(http_request_total{host="awesome_service_io"}[2m]))
- errorQuery: sum(increase(http_request_total{host="awesome_service_io", code=~"5.."}[2m]))
- output:
- prometheus:
- labels:
- team: a-team
- iteration: "3"
- availabilityObjectivePercent:SLO
- totalQuery:总请求数
- errorQuery:错误请求数
Operator通过totalQuert和errorQuery就可以计算出SLO的指标了。
部署service-level-operator
- 前提:在Kubernetes集群中部署好Prometheus,我这里是采用Prometheus-Operator方式进行部署的。
(1)首先创建RBAC
- apiVersion: v1
- kind: ServiceAccount
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- namespace: monitoring
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- ---
- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
- kind: ClusterRole
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- rules:
- # Register and check CRDs.
- - apiGroups:
- - apiextensions.k8s.io
- resources:
- - customresourcedefinitions
- verbs:
- - "*"
- # Operator logic.
- - apiGroups:
- - monitoring.spotahome.com
- resources:
- - servicelevels
- - servicelevels/status
- verbs:
- - "*"
- ---
- kind: ClusterRoleBinding
- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- subjects:
- - kind: ServiceAccount
- name: service-level-operator
- namespace: monitoring
- roleRef:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
- kind: ClusterRole
- name: service-level-operator
(2)然后创建Deployment
- apiVersion: apps/v1
- kind: Deployment
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- namespace: monitoring
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- spec:
- replicas: 1
- selector:
- matchLabels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- strategy:
- rollingUpdate:
- maxUnavailable: 0
- template:
- metadata:
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- spec:
- serviceAccountName: service-level-operator
- containers:
- - name: app
- imagePullPolicy: Always
- image: quay.io/spotahome/service-level-operator:latest
- ports:
- - containerPort: 8080
- name: http
- protocol: TCP
- readinessProbe:
- httpGet:
- path: /healthz/ready
- port: http
- livenessProbe:
- httpGet:
- path: /healthz/live
- port: http
- resources:
- limits:
- cpu: 220m
- memory: 254Mi
- requests:
- cpu: 120m
- memory: 128Mi
(3)创建service
- apiVersion: v1
- kind: Service
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- namespace: monitoring
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- spec:
- ports:
- - port: 80
- protocol: TCP
- name: http
- targetPort: http
- selector:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
(4)创建prometheus serviceMonitor
- apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
- kind: ServiceMonitor
- metadata:
- name: service-level-operator
- namespace: monitoring
- labels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- prometheus: myprometheus
- spec:
- selector:
- matchLabels:
- app: service-level-operator
- component: app
- namespaceSelector:
- matchNames:
- - monitoring
- endpoints:
- - port: http
- interval: 10s
到这里,Service Level Operator部署完成了,可以在prometheus上查看到对应的Target,如下:
然后就需要创建对应的服务指标了,如下所示创建一个示例。
- apiVersion: monitoring.spotahome.com/v1alpha1
- kind: ServiceLevel
- metadata:
- name: prometheus-grafana-service
- namespace: monitoring
- spec:
- serviceLevelObjectives:
- - name: "9999_http_request_lt_500"
- description: 99.99% of requests must be served with <500 status code.
- disable: false
- availabilityObjectivePercent: 99.99
- serviceLevelIndicator:
- prometheus:
- address: http://prometheus-k8s.monitoring.svc:9090
- totalQuery: sum(increase(http_request_total{service="grafana"}[2m]))
- errorQuery: sum(increase(http_request_total{service="grafana", code=~"5.."}[2m]))
- output:
- prometheus:
- labels:
- team: prometheus-grafana
- iteration: "3"
上面定义了grafana应用"4个9"的SLO。
然后可以在Prometheus上看到具体的指标,如下。
接下来在Grafana上导入ID为8793的Dashboard,即可生成如下图表。
上面是SLI,下面是错误总预算和已消耗的错误。
下面可以定义告警规则,当SLO下降时可以第一时间收到,比如:
- groups:
- - name: slo.rules
- rules:
- - alert: SLOErrorRateTooFast1h
- expr: |
- (
- increase(service_level_sli_result_error_ratio_total[1h])
- /
- increase(service_level_sli_result_count_total[1h])
- ) > (1 - service_level_slo_objective_ratio) * 14.6
- labels:
- severity: critical
- team: a-team
- annotations:
- summary: The monthly SLO error budget consumed for 1h is greater than 2%
- description: The error rate for 1h in the {{$labels.service_level}}/{{$labels.slo}} SLO error budget is being consumed too fast, is greater than 2% monthly budget.
- - alert: SLOErrorRateTooFast6h
- expr: |
- (
- increase(service_level_sli_result_error_ratio_total[6h])
- /
- increase(service_level_sli_result_count_total[6h])
- ) > (1 - service_level_slo_objective_ratio) * 6
- labels:
- severity: critical
- team: a-team
- annotations:
- summary: The monthly SLO error budget consumed for 6h is greater than 5%
- description: The error rate for 6h in the {{$labels.service_level}}/{{$labels.slo}} SLO error budget is being consumed too fast, is greater than 5% monthly budget.
第一条规则表示在1h内消耗的错误率大于30天内的2%,应该告警。第二条规则是在6h内的错误率大于30天的5%,应该告警。
下面是谷歌的的基准。
最后
说到系统稳定性,这里不得不提到系统可用性,SRE提高系统的稳定性,最终还是为了提升系统的可用时间,减少故障时间。那如何来衡量系统的可用性呢?
目前业界有两种衡量系统可用性的方式,一个是时间维度,一个是请求维度。时间维度就是从故障出发对系统的稳定性进行评估。请求维度是从成功请求占比的角度出发,对系统稳定性进行评估。
时间维度:可用性 = 服务时间 / (服务时间 + 故障时间)
请求维度:可用性 = 成功请求数 / 总请求数
在SRE实践中,通常会选择请求维度来衡量系统的稳定性,就如上面的例子。不过,如果仅仅通过一个维度来判断系统的稳定性也有点太武断,还应该结合更多的指标,比如延迟,错误率等,而且对核心应用,核心链路的SLI应该更细致。
参考
[1] 《SRE实践手册》- 赵成
[2] 《SRE:Google运维解密》
[3] https://github.com/spotahome/service-level-operator