我们经常需要在容器启动的时候做一些钩子动作,比如注册消息消费者,监听配置等,今天就总结下SpringBoot留给开发者的7个启动扩展点。
容器刷新完成扩展点
1、监听容器刷新完成扩展点ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent>
基本用法
熟悉Spring的同学一定知道,容器刷新成功意味着所有的Bean初始化已经完成,当容器刷新之后Spring将会调用容器内所有实现了ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent>的Bean的onApplicationEvent方法,应用程序可以以此达到监听容器初始化完成事件的目的。
- @Component
- public class StartupApplicationListenerExample implements
- ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent> {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(StartupApplicationListenerExample.class);
- public static int counter;
- @Override public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
- LOG.info("Increment counter");
- counter++;
- }
- }
易错的点
这个扩展点用在web容器中的时候需要额外注意,在web 项目中(例如spring mvc),系统会存在两个容器,一个是root application context,另一个就是我们自己的context(作为root application context的子容器)。如果按照上面这种写法,就会造成onApplicationEvent方法被执行两次。解决此问题的方法如下:
- @Component
- public class StartupApplicationListenerExample implements
- ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent> {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(StartupApplicationListenerExample.class);
- public static int counter;
- @Override public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
- if (event.getApplicationContext().getParent() == null) {
- // root application context 没有parent
- LOG.info("Increment counter");
- counter++;
- }
- }
- }
高阶玩法
当然这个扩展还可以有更高阶的玩法:自定义事件,可以借助Spring以最小成本实现一个观察者模式:
- 先自定义一个事件:
- public class NotifyEvent extends ApplicationEvent {
- private String email;
- private String content;
- public NotifyEvent(Object source) {
- super(source);
- }
- public NotifyEvent(Object source, String email, String content) {
- super(source);
- this.email = email;
- this.content = content;
- }
- // 省略getter/setter方法
- }
- 注册一个事件监听器
- @Component
- public class NotifyListener implements ApplicationListener<NotifyEvent> {
- @Override
- public void onApplicationEvent(NotifyEvent event) {
- System.out.println("邮件地址:" + event.getEmail());
- System.out.println("邮件内容:" + event.getContent());
- }
- }
- 发布事件
- @RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
- @SpringBootTest
- public class ListenerTest {
- @Autowired
- private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;
- @Test
- public void testListener() {
- NotifyEvent event = new NotifyEvent("object", "abc@qq.com", "This is the content");
- webApplicationContext.publishEvent(event);
- }
- }
- 执行单元测试可以看到邮件的地址和内容都被打印出来了
2、SpringBoot的CommandLineRunner接口
当容器上下文初始化完成之后,SpringBoot也会调用所有实现了CommandLineRunner接口的run方法,下面这段代码可起到和上文同样的作用:
- @Component
- public class CommandLineAppStartupRunner implements CommandLineRunner {
- private static final Logger LOG =
- LoggerFactory.getLogger(CommandLineAppStartupRunner.class);
- public static int counter;
- @Override
- public void run(String...args) throws Exception {
- LOG.info("Increment counter");
- counter++;
- }
- }
对于这个扩展点的使用有额外两点需要注意:
- 多个实现了CommandLineRunner的Bean的执行顺序可以根据Bean上的@Order注解调整
- 其run方法可以接受从控制台输入的参数,跟ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent>这种扩展相比,更加灵活
- // 从控制台输入参数示例
- java -jar CommandLineAppStartupRunner.jar abc abcd
3、SpringBoot的ApplicationRunner接口
这个扩展和SpringBoot的CommandLineRunner接口的扩展类似,只不过接受的参数是一个ApplicationArguments类,对控制台输入的参数提供了更好的封装,以--开头的被视为带选项的参数,否则是普通的参数
- @Component
- public class AppStartupRunner implements ApplicationRunner {
- private static final Logger LOG =
- LoggerFactory.getLogger(AppStartupRunner.class);
- public static int counter;
- @Override
- public void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {
- LOG.info("Application started with option names : {}",
- args.getOptionNames());
- LOG.info("Increment counter");
- counter++;
- }
- }
比如:
- java -jar CommandLineAppStartupRunner.jar abc abcd --autho=mark verbose
Bean初始化完成扩展点
前面的内容总结了针对容器初始化的扩展点,在有些场景,比如监听消息的时候,我们希望Bean初始化完成之后立刻注册监听器,而不是等到整个容器刷新完成,Spring针对这种场景同样留足了扩展点:
1、@PostConstruct注解
- @PostConstruct注解一般放在Bean的方法上,被@PostConstruct修饰的方法会在Bean初始化后马上调用:
- @Component
- public class PostConstructExampleBean {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(PostConstructExampleBean.class);
- @Autowired
- private Environment environment;
- @PostConstruct
- public void init() {
- LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
- }
- }
2、 InitializingBean接口
InitializingBean的用法基本上与@PostConstruct一致,只不过相应的Bean需要实现afterPropertiesSet方法
- @Component
- public class InitializingBeanExampleBean implements InitializingBean {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(InitializingBeanExampleBean.class);
- @Autowired
- private Environment environment;
- @Override
- public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
- LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
- }
- }
3、@Bean注解的初始化方法
通过@Bean注入Bean的时候可以指定初始化方法:
Bean的定义
- public class InitMethodExampleBean {
- private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(InitMethodExampleBean.class);
- @Autowired
- private Environment environment;
- public void init() {
- LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
- }
- }
Bean注入
- @Bean(initMethod="init")
- public InitMethodExampleBean initMethodExampleBean() {
- return new InitMethodExampleBean();
- }
4、通过构造函数注入
Spring也支持通过构造函数注入,我们可以把搞事情的代码写在构造函数中,同样能达到目的
- @Component
- public class LogicInConstructorExampleBean {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(LogicInConstructorExampleBean.class);
- private final Environment environment;
- @Autowired
- public LogicInConstructorExampleBean(Environment environment) {
- this.environment = environment;
- LOG.info(Arrays.asList(environment.getDefaultProfiles()));
- }
- }
Bean初始化完成扩展点执行顺序?
可以用一个简单的测试:
- @Component
- @Scope(value = "prototype")
- public class AllStrategiesExampleBean implements InitializingBean {
- private static final Logger LOG
- = Logger.getLogger(AllStrategiesExampleBean.class);
- public AllStrategiesExampleBean() {
- LOG.info("Constructor");
- }
- @Override
- public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
- LOG.info("InitializingBean");
- }
- @PostConstruct
- public void postConstruct() {
- LOG.info("PostConstruct");
- }
- public void init() {
- LOG.info("init-method");
- }
- }
实例化这个Bean后输出:
- [main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - Constructor
- [main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - PostConstruct
- [main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - InitializingBean
- [main] INFO o.b.startup.AllStrategiesExampleBean - init-method