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Web API 的版本化可以尽量保证在相同url情况下保留一个 api 的多个版本,通常一个 webapi 会有多个client,这些client包括:app,web,html5,crawl 等等同构或者异构的平台,当 api 升级之后,往往升级前的 api 也得保留,当维护两个api的时候就是一个不小的挑战,毕竟还是存在一些 client 用户需要访问老的api,这时候就需要将 webapi 版本化。
安装 Versioning 包
要想使用 webapi 的版本化功能,需要用 nuget 引用 Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Versioning 包,还可以通过 Visual Studio 2019 的 NuGet package manager 可视化界面安装 或者 通过 NuGet package manager 命令行工具输入以下命令:
- dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Versioning
启动 API 版本化
当包成功添加到项目之后,接下来就可以在 Startup.ConfigureServices 中将 ApiVersioning 注入到容器中,如下代码所示:
- public class Startup
- {
- public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
- {
- services.AddControllers();
- services.AddApiVersioning();
- }
- }
在调用 AddApiVersioning() 的时候记得 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Versioning,除了这个默认方法,还可以做一些全局配置,如下代码所示:
- public class Startup
- {
- public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
- {
- services.AddControllers();
- services.AddApiVersioning(v =>
- {
- v.ReportApiVersions = true;
- v.AssumeDefaultVersionWhenUnspecified = true;
- v.DefaultApiVersion = new ApiVersion(1, 0);
- });
- }
- }
使用 QueryString 指定版本号
先来看一下代码,考虑如下的 api。
- [ApiController]
- [ApiVersion("2.0")]
- [Route("api/[controller]")]
- public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
- {
- private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
- {
- "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
- };
- [HttpGet]
- public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
- {
- var rng = new Random();
- return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
- {
- Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
- TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
- Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
- })
- .ToArray();
- }
- }
从代码中可以看到,我在 WeatherForecastController 上标记了该 Controller 是 v2.0 版本,接下来如何访问呢?可以通过如下链接: http://localhost:61582/api/weatherforecast?api-version=2.0
看到这里,有些朋友就有疑问了,v2.0 的 Get 是有了,那 v1.0 的 Get 怎么访问呢?实际开发中的做法是这样的,会用两个命名空间来表示相应的版本号,可以看如下代码:
- namespace WebApplication6.Controllers.v1
- {
- [ApiController]
- [ApiVersion("1.0")]
- [Route("api/[controller]")]
- public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
- {
- private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
- {
- "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
- };
- private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;
- public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger)
- {
- _logger = logger;
- }
- [HttpGet]
- public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
- {
- var rng = new Random();
- return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
- {
- Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
- TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
- Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
- })
- .ToArray();
- }
- }
- }
- namespace WebApplication6.Controllers.v2
- {
- [ApiController]
- [ApiVersion("2.0")]
- [Route("api/[controller]")]
- public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
- {
- private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
- {
- "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
- };
- private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;
- public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger)
- {
- _logger = logger;
- }
- [HttpGet]
- public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
- {
- var rng = new Random();
- return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
- {
- Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
- TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
- Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
- })
- .ToArray();
- }
- }
- }
从上面代码可以看到 WebApplication6.Controllers.v1 表示版本 v1.0 , WebApplication6.Controllers.v2 表示版本 v2.0,接下来依次浏览这两个url。
使用 routes 指定版本号
很显然使用 QueryString 的方式不是很优雅也不符合 Restful 规范,接下来看一下如何通过 Route 改造,考虑下面的类,请注意我是如何在 route 中进行版本化的。
- [ApiController]
- [ApiVersion("1.0")]
- [Route("api/v{version:apiVersion}/[controller]")]
- public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
- {
- private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
- {
- "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
- };
- [HttpGet]
- public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
- {
- var rng = new Random();
- return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
- {
- Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
- TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
- Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
- })
- .ToArray();
- }
- }
在这里,我将 [Route("api/[controller]")] 替换成了 [Route("api/v{version:apiVersion}/[controller]")],接下来将项目跑起来,如下图所示:
忽略 API 版本
在 API 版本化时,有些 API 可能只有一个版本的需求,这时候可以使用 ApiVersionNeutral 特性来忽视版本化,如下代码所示:
- [ApiVersionNeutral]
- [Route("api/[controller]")]
- [ApiController]
- public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
- {
- private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
- {
- "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
- };
- [HttpGet]
- public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
- {
- var rng = new Random();
- return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
- {
- Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
- TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
- Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
- })
- .ToArray();
- }
- }
译文链接:https://www.infoworld.com/article/3433156/advanced-versioning-in-aspnet-core-web-api.html