什么是JWT?
JSON Web Token(缩写 JWT)是目前最流行的跨域认证解决方案,也是目前前后端分离项目中普遍使用的认证技术. 本文介绍如何在Golang Gin Web框架中使用JWT认证中间件以及模拟测试, 以供参考, 关于JWT详细原理可以参考:
- JWT RFC: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519
- JWT IETF: http://self-issued.info/docs/draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token.html
- JSON Web Token入门教程: http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2018/07/json_web_token-tutorial.html
主要流程
- 初始化Gin引擎
- 定义获取Token的接口, 访问该接口, 内部自动生成JWT令牌, 并返回给前端
- 定义需要认证的路由接口, 使用JWT中间件进行认证, 中间件由
- 利用GoConvey(Golang的测试框架,集成go test, 支持终端和浏览器模式), 构造客户端, 填写Token, 模拟前端访问
- JWT中间件进行认证, 认证通过则返回消息体, 否则直接返回401或其他错误
流程图
该流程图描述了服务端代码中的Token构造, 以及认证流程.
服务端代码
main.go中填充以下代码, 运行go run main.go, 开启Web服务.
- package main
- import (
- jwt_lib "github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go"
- "github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go/request"
- "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
- "log"
- "time"
- )
- var (
- mysupersecretpassword = "unicornsAreAwesome"
- )
- func Auth(secret string) gin.HandlerFunc {
- return func(c *gin.Context) {
- //log.Printf("Request:\n%+v", c.Request)
- // ParseFromRequest方法提取路径请求中的JWT令牌, 并进行验证
- token, err := request.ParseFromRequest(c.Request, request.OAuth2Extractor, func(token *jwt_lib.Token) (interface{}, error) {
- b := ([]byte(secret))
- //log.Printf("b:%+v", b)
- return b, nil
- })
- log.Printf("token:%+v", token)
- if err != nil {
- c.AbortWithError(401, err)
- }
- }
- }
- func main() {
- r := gin.Default()
- public := r.Group("/api")
- // 定义根路由, 访问http://locahost:8080/api/可以获取到token
- public.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
- // Create the token New方法接受一个签名方法的接口类型(SigningMethod)参数, 返回一个Token结构指针
- // GetSigningMethod(签名算法algorithm)
- token := jwt_lib.New(jwt_lib.GetSigningMethod("HS256")) //默认是签名算法是HMAC SHA256(写成 HS256)
- log.Printf("token:%+v", token)
- //2020/12/10 22:32:02 token:&{Raw: Method:0xc00000e2a0 Header:map[alg:HS256 typ:JWT] Claims:map[] Signature: Valid:false}
- // Set some claims 设置Id和过期时间字段, MapClaims实现了Clainms接口
- token.Claims = jwt_lib.MapClaims{
- "Id": "Christopher",
- "exp": time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 1).Unix(),
- }
- // Sign and get the complete encoded token as a string // 签名并得到完整编码后的Token字符串
- tokenString, err := token.SignedString([]byte(mysupersecretpassword))
- //{"token":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJJZCI6IkNocmlzdG9waGVyIiwiZXhwIjoxNjA3NjE0MzIyfQ.eQd7ztDn3706GrpitgnikKgOtzx-RHnq7cr2eqUlsZo"}
- if err != nil {
- c.JSON(500, gin.H{"message": "Could not generate token"})
- }
- c.JSON(200, gin.H{"token": tokenString})
- })
- // 定义需要Token验证通过才能访问的私有接口组http://localhost:8080/api/private
- private := r.Group("/api/private")
- private.Use(Auth(mysupersecretpassword)) // 使用JWT认证中间件(带参数)
- /*
- Set this header in your request to get here.
- Authorization: Bearer `token`
- */
- // 定义具体的私有根接口:http://localhost:8080/api/private/
- private.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
- c.JSON(200, gin.H{"message": "Hello from private"})
- })
- r.Run("localhost:8080")
- }
客户端代码
新建jwt_test.go文件, 填充以下代码, 运行go test执行单元测试.
- package test_test
- import (
- "encoding/json"
- . "github.com/smartystreets/goconvey/convey" //https://github.com/smartystreets/goconvey GoConvey是Golang的测试框架,集成go test, 支持终端和浏览器模式.
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "strings"
- "testing"
- )
- type User struct {
- Username string `json:"username"`
- Password string `json:"password"`
- }
- type Response struct {
- Token string `json:"token"`
- }
- func createNewsUser(username, password string) *User {
- return &User{username, password}
- }
- func TestLogin(t *testing.T) {
- Convey("Should be able to login", t, func() {
- user := createNewsUser("jonas", "1234")
- jsondata, _ := json.Marshal(user)
- userData := strings.NewReader(string(jsondata))
- log.Printf("userData:%+v", userData)
- // 这里模拟用户登录, 实际上后台没有使用用户名和密码, 该接口直接返回内部生成的Token
- req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://localhost:8080/api/", userData)
- req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
- client := &http.Client{}
- res, _ := client.Do(req)
- //log.Printf("res:%+v", res)
- So(res.StatusCode, ShouldEqual, 200) //对响应码进行断言, 期望得到状态码为200
- Convey("Should be able to parse body", func() { //解析响应体
- body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
- defer res.Body.Close()
- So(err, ShouldBeNil)
- Convey("Should be able to get json back", func() {
- responseData := new(Response)
- err := json.Unmarshal(body, responseData)
- So(err, ShouldBeNil)
- log.Printf("responseData:%s", responseData)
- Convey("Should be able to be authorized", func() {
- token := responseData.Token //提取Token
- log.Printf("token:%s", token)
- // 构造带Token的请求
- req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://localhost:8080/api/private", nil)
- req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token) //设置认证头
- client = &http.Client{}
- res, _ := client.Do(req)
- body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(res.Body)
- if err != nil {
- log.Printf("Read body failed, %s", err.Error())
- }
- log.Printf("Body:%s", string(body))
- So(res.StatusCode, ShouldEqual, 200)
- })
- })
- })
- })
- }
参考文档
gin-gonic/contrib/jwt中间件: https://github.com/gin-gonic/contrib/tree/master/jwt