导读kafka是一个分布式,分区的,多副本的,多订阅者的消息发布订阅系统(分布式MQ系统),可以用于搜索日志,监控日志,访问日志等。kafka是一个分布式,分区的,多副本的,多订阅者的消息发布订阅系统(分布式MQ系统),可以用于搜索日志,监控日志,访问日志等。今天小编来领大家一起来学习一下Kafka消费与心跳机制。
1、Kafka消费
首先,我们来看看消费。Kafka提供了非常简单的消费API,使用者只需初始化Kafka的Broker Server地址,然后实例化KafkaConsumer类即可拿到Topic中的数据。一个简单的Kafka消费实例代码如下所示:
- public class JConsumerSubscribe extends Thread {
- public static void main(String[] args) { JConsumerSubscribe jconsumer = new JConsumerSubscribe(); jconsumer.start(); } /** 初始化Kafka集群信息. */ private Properties configure() { Properties props = new Properties(); props.put("bootstrap.servers", "dn1:9092,dn2:9092,dn3:9092");// 指定Kafka集群地址
- props.put("group.id", "ke");// 指定消费者组
- props.put("enable.auto.commit", "true");// 开启自动提交
- props.put("auto.commit.interval.ms", "1000");// 自动提交的时间间隔
- // 反序列化消息主键 props.put("key.deserializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer");
- // 反序列化消费记录 props.put("value.deserializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer");
- return props;
- } /** 实现一个单线程消费者. */ @Override public void run() { // 创建一个消费者实例对象 KafkaConsumer<String, String> consumer = new KafkaConsumer<>(configure()); // 订阅消费主题集合 consumer.subscribe(Arrays.asList("test_kafka_topic"));
- // 实时消费标识 boolean flag = true;
- while (flag) {
- // 获取主题消息数据 ConsumerRecords<String, String> records = consumer.poll(Duration.ofMillis(100));
- for (ConsumerRecord<String, String> record : records)
- // 循环打印消息记录 System.out.printf("offset = %d, key = %s, value = %s%n", record.offset(), record.key(), record.value());
- } // 出现异常关闭消费者对象 consumer.close();
- }}
上述代码我们就可以非常便捷地拿到Topic中的数据。但是,当我们调用poll方法拉取数据的时候,Kafka Broker Server做了那些事情。接下来,我们可以去看看源代码的实现细节。核心代码如下:
org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.KafkaConsumer
- private ConsumerRecords<K, V> poll(final long timeoutMs, final boolean includeMetadataInTimeout) {
- acquireAndEnsureOpen(); try {
- if (timeoutMs < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Timeout must not be negative");
- if (this.subscriptions.hasNoSubscriptionOrUserAssignment()) {
- throw new IllegalStateException("Consumer is not subscribed to any topics or assigned any partitions");
- } // poll for new data until the timeout expires
- long elapsedTime = 0L;
- do {
- client.maybeTriggerWakeup(); final long metadataEnd; if (includeMetadataInTimeout) {
- final long metadataStart = time.milliseconds(); if (!updateAssignmentMetadataIfNeeded(remainingTimeAtLeastZero(timeoutMs, elapsedTime))) {
- return ConsumerRecords.empty();
- } metadataEnd = time.milliseconds(); elapsedTime += metadataEnd - metadataStart; } else {
- while (!updateAssignmentMetadataIfNeeded(Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
- log.warn("Still waiting for metadata");
- } metadataEnd = time.milliseconds(); } final Map<TopicPartition, List<ConsumerRecord<K, V>>> records = pollForFetches(remainingTimeAtLeastZero(timeoutMs, elapsedTime)); if (!records.isEmpty()) {
- // before returning the fetched records, we can send off the next round of fetches
- // and avoid block waiting for their responses to enable pipelining while the user
- // is handling the fetched records.
- //
- // NOTE: since the consumed position has already been updated, we must not allow
- // wakeups or any other errors to be triggered prior to returning the fetched records.
- if (fetcher.sendFetches() > 0 || client.hasPendingRequests()) {
- client.pollNoWakeup(); } return this.interceptors.onConsume(new ConsumerRecords<>(records));
- } final long fetchEnd = time.milliseconds(); elapsedTime += fetchEnd - metadataEnd; } while (elapsedTime < timeoutMs);
- return ConsumerRecords.empty();
- } finally {
- release(); } }
上述代码中有个方法pollForFetches,它的实现逻辑如下:
- private Map<TopicPartition, List<ConsumerRecord<K, V>>> pollForFetches(final long timeoutMs) {
- final long startMs = time.milliseconds();
- long pollTimeout = Math.min(coordinator.timeToNextPoll(startMs), timeoutMs);
- // if data is available already, return it immediately
- final Map<TopicPartition, List<ConsumerRecord<K, V>>> records = fetcher.fetchedRecords();
- if (!records.isEmpty()) {
- return records;
- }
- // send any new fetches (won't resend pending fetches)
- fetcher.sendFetches();
- // We do not want to be stuck blocking in poll if we are missing some positions
- // since the offset lookup may be backing off after a failure
- // NOTE: the use of cachedSubscriptionHashAllFetchPositions means we MUST call
- // updateAssignmentMetadataIfNeeded before this method.
- if (!cachedSubscriptionHashAllFetchPositions && pollTimeout > retryBackoffMs) {
- pollTimeout = retryBackoffMs;
- }
- client.poll(pollTimeout, startMs, () -> {
- // since a fetch might be completed by the background thread, we need this poll condition
- // to ensure that we do not block unnecessarily in poll()
- return !fetcher.hasCompletedFetches();
- });
- // after the long poll, we should check whether the group needs to rebalance
- // prior to returning data so that the group can stabilize faster
- if (coordinator.rejoinNeededOrPending()) {
- return Collections.emptyMap();
- }
- return fetcher.fetchedRecords();
- }
上述代码中加粗的位置,我们可以看出每次消费者客户端拉取数据时,通过poll方法,先调用fetcher中的fetchedRecords函数,如果获取不到数据,就会发起一个新的sendFetches请求。而在消费数据的时候,每个批次从Kafka Broker Server中拉取数据是有最大数据量限制,默认是500条,由属性(max.poll.records)控制,可以在客户端中设置该属性值来调整我们消费时每次拉取数据的量。
提示:这里需要注意的是,max.poll.records返回的是一个poll请求的数据总和,与多少个分区无关。因此,每次消费从所有分区中拉取Topic的数据的总条数不会超过max.poll.records所设置的值。
而在Fetcher的类中,在sendFetches方法中有限制拉取数据容量的限制,由属性(max.partition.fetch.bytes),默认1MB。可能会有这样一个场景,当满足max.partition.fetch.bytes限制条件,如果需要Fetch出10000条记录,每次默认500条,那么我们需要执行20次才能将这一次通过网络发起的请求全部Fetch完毕。
这里,可能有同学有疑问,我们不能将默认的max.poll.records属性值调到10000吗?可以调,但是还有个属性需要一起配合才可以,这个就是每次poll的超时时间(Duration.ofMillis(100)),这里需要根据你的实际每条数据的容量大小来确定设置超时时间,如果你将最大值调到10000,当你每条记录的容量很大时,超时时间还是100ms,那么可能拉取的数据少于10000条。
而这里,还有另外一个需要注意的事情,就是会话超时的问题。session.timeout.ms默认是10s,group.min.session.timeout.ms默认是6s,group.max.session.timeout.ms默认是30min。当你在处理消费的业务逻辑的时候,如果在10s内没有处理完,那么消费者客户端就会与Kafka Broker Server断开,消费掉的数据,产生的offset就没法提交给Kafka,因为Kafka Broker Server此时认为该消费者程序已经断开,而即使你设置了自动提交属性,或者设置auto.offset.reset属性,你消费的时候还是会出现重复消费的情况,这就是因为session.timeout.ms超时的原因导致的。
2、心跳机制
上面在末尾的时候,说到会话超时的情况导致消息重复消费,为什么会有超时?有同学会有这样的疑问,我的消费者线程明明是启动的,也没有退出,为啥消费不到Kafka的消息呢?消费者组也查不到我的ConsumerGroupID呢?这就有可能是超时导致的,而Kafka是通过心跳机制来控制超时,心跳机制对于消费者客户端来说是无感的,它是一个异步线程,当我们启动一个消费者实例时,心跳线程就开始工作了。
在org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.internals.AbstractCoordinator中会启动一个HeartbeatThread线程来定时发送心跳和检测消费者的状态。每个消费者都有个org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.internals.ConsumerCoordinator,而每个ConsumerCoordinator都会启动一个HeartbeatThread线程来维护心跳,心跳信息存放在org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.internals.Heartbeat中,声明的Schema如下所示:
- private final int sessionTimeoutMs;
- private final int heartbeatIntervalMs;
- private final int maxPollIntervalMs;
- private final long retryBackoffMs;
- private volatile long lastHeartbeatSend;
- private long lastHeartbeatReceive;
- private long lastSessionReset;
- private long lastPoll;
- private boolean heartbeatFailed;
心跳线程中的run方法实现代码如下:
- public void run() {
- try {
- log.debug("Heartbeat thread started");
- while (true) {
- synchronized (AbstractCoordinator.this) {
- if (closed)
- return;
- if (!enabled) {
- AbstractCoordinator.this.wait();
- continue;
- } if (state != MemberState.STABLE) {
- // the group is not stable (perhaps because we left the group or because the coordinator
- // kicked us out), so disable heartbeats and wait for the main thread to rejoin.
- disable();
- continue;
- }
- client.pollNoWakeup();
- long now = time.milliseconds();
- if (coordinatorUnknown()) {
- if (findCoordinatorFuture != null || lookupCoordinator().failed())
- // the immediate future check ensures that we backoff properly in the case that no
- // brokers are available to connect to.
- AbstractCoordinator.this.wait(retryBackoffMs);
- } else if (heartbeat.sessionTimeoutExpired(now)) {
- // the session timeout has expired without seeing a successful heartbeat, so we should
- // probably make sure the coordinator is still healthy.
- markCoordinatorUnknown();
- } else if (heartbeat.pollTimeoutExpired(now)) {
- // the poll timeout has expired, which means that the foreground thread has stalled
- // in between calls to poll(), so we explicitly leave the group.
- maybeLeaveGroup();
- } else if (!heartbeat.shouldHeartbeat(now)) {
- // poll again after waiting for the retry backoff in case the heartbeat failed or the
- // coordinator disconnected
- AbstractCoordinator.this.wait(retryBackoffMs);
- } else {
- heartbeat.sentHeartbeat(now);
- sendHeartbeatRequest().addListener(new RequestFutureListener() {
- @Override
- public void onSuccess(Void value) {
- synchronized (AbstractCoordinator.this) {
- heartbeat.receiveHeartbeat(time.milliseconds());
- }
- }
- @Override
- public void onFailure(RuntimeException e) {
- synchronized (AbstractCoordinator.this) {
- if (e instanceof RebalanceInProgressException) {
- // it is valid to continue heartbeating while the group is rebalancing. This
- // ensures that the coordinator keeps the member in the group for as long
- // as the duration of the rebalance timeout. If we stop sending heartbeats,
- // however, then the session timeout may expire before we can rejoin.
- heartbeat.receiveHeartbeat(time.milliseconds());
- } else {
- heartbeat.failHeartbeat();
- // wake up the thread if it's sleeping to reschedule the heartbeat
- AbstractCoordinator.this.notify();
- }
- }
- }
- });
- }
- }
- }
- } catch (AuthenticationException e) {
- log.error("An authentication error occurred in the heartbeat thread", e);
- this.failed.set(e);
- } catch (GroupAuthorizationException e) {
- log.error("A group authorization error occurred in the heartbeat thread", e);
- this.failed.set(e);
- } catch (InterruptedException | InterruptException e) {
- Thread.interrupted();
- log.error("Unexpected interrupt received in heartbeat thread", e);
- this.failed.set(new RuntimeException(e));
- } catch (Throwable e) {
- log.error("Heartbeat thread failed due to unexpected error", e);
- if (e instanceof RuntimeException)
- this.failed.set((RuntimeException) e);
- else
- this.failed.set(new RuntimeException(e));
- } finally {
- log.debug("Heartbeat thread has closed");
- }
- }
在心跳线程中这里面包含两个最重要的超时函数,它们是sessionTimeoutExpired和pollTimeoutExpired。
- public boolean sessionTimeoutExpired(long now) {
- return now - Math.max(lastSessionReset, lastHeartbeatReceive) > sessionTimeoutMs;
- }public boolean pollTimeoutExpired(long now) {
- return now - lastPoll > maxPollIntervalMs;
- }
2.1、sessionTimeoutExpired
如果是sessionTimeout超时,则会被标记为当前协调器处理断开,此时,会将消费者移除,重新分配分区和消费者的对应关系。在Kafka Broker Server中,Consumer Group定义了5种(如果算上Unknown,应该是6种状态)状态,org.apache.kafka.common.ConsumerGroupState,如下图所示:
2.2、pollTimeoutExpired
如果触发了poll超时,此时消费者客户端会退出ConsumerGroup,当再次poll的时候,会重新加入到ConsumerGroup,触发RebalanceGroup。而KafkaConsumer Client是不会帮我们重复poll的,需要我们自己在实现的消费逻辑中不停地调用poll方法。
3.分区与消费线程
关于消费分区与消费线程的对应关系,理论上消费线程数应该小于等于分区数。之前是有这样一种观点,一个消费线程对应一个分区,当消费线程等于分区数是最大化线程的利用率。直接使用KafkaConsumer Client实例,这样使用确实没有什么问题。但是,如果我们有富裕的CPU,其实还可以使用大于分区数的线程,来提升消费能力,这就需要我们对KafkaConsumer Client实例进行改造,实现消费策略预计算,利用额外的CPU开启更多的线程,来实现消费任务分片。Linux就该这么学