本文转载自公众号“读芯术”(ID:AI_Discovery)。
字符串是一系列字符,由常数或变量构成。它是编程语言中必不可少的数据类型。本文中将重点关注JavaScript字符串操作,但其原理和算法也可应用于其他语言。
参加技术面试时,面试官常常会关注以下内容:
- 编程技术
- 语言能力
- 解题技巧
本文不仅可以让你成功通过技术面试,对日常编码也很有用。代码要点格式中,我们列出了JavaScript字符串的几点重要特性,这是编程技能的基础。其中包括存在了20年的属性和方法,也涵盖ES2021中的特性。如有不清楚之处,可以有针对性地查漏补缺。JavaScript编程语言可以解决许多应用问题。这些算法或其变体,经常出现在真实的面试场景中。
字符串属性和方法
字符串用于表示和操作字符序列。字符串属性和方法有很多。以下是可供参考的代码示例,包括ES2020中的“matchAll”和ES2021中的“replaceAll”。
- const str = Today is a nice day! ;
- console.log(str.length); // 20
- console.log(str[2]); // "d"
- console.log(typeof str); // "string"
- console.log(typeof str[2]); // "string"
- console.log(typeofString(5)); //"string"
- console.log(typeofnewString(str)); //"object"
- console.log(str.indexOf( is )); // 6
- console.log(str.indexOf( today )); // -1
- console.log(str.includes( is )); // true
- console.log(str.includes( IS )); // false
- console.log(str.startsWith( Today )); // true
- console.log(str.endsWith( day )); // false
- console.log(str.split( )); // ["Today", "is", "a", "nice","day!"]
- console.log(str.split( )); // ["T", "o", "d", "a","y", " ", "i", "s", " ","a", " ", "n", "i", "c","e", " ", "d", "a", "y","!"]
- console.log(str.split( a )); // ["Tod", "y is ", " nice d","y!"]
- console.log(str +1+2); // "Today is a nice day!12"
- console.log(str + str); // "Today is a nice day!Today is a niceday!"
- console.log(str.concat(str)); // "Today is a nice day!Today is a niceday!"
- console.log(str.repeat(2)); // "Today is a nice day!Today is a nice day!"
- console.log( abc < bcd ); // true
- console.log( abc .localeCompare( bcd )); // -1
- console.log( a .localeCompare( A )); // -1
- console.log( a .localeCompare( A , undefined, { numeric: true })); // -1
- console.log( a .localeCompare( A , undefined, { sensitivity: accent })); // 0
- console.log( a .localeCompare( A , undefined, { sensitivity: base })); // 0
- console.log( a .localeCompare( A! , undefined, { sensitivity: base , ignorePunctuation: true })); // 0
- console.log( abc .toLocaleUpperCase()); // "ABC"
- console.log(str.padStart(25, * )); // "*****Todayis a nice day!"
- console.log(str.padEnd(22, ! )); // "Today is anice day!!!"
- console.log( middle .trim().length); // 6
- console.log( middle .trimStart().length); // 8
- console.log( middle .trimEnd().length); // 9
- console.log(str.slice(6, 8)); // "is"
- console.log(str.slice(-4)); // "day!"
- console.log(str.substring(6, 8)); // "is"
- console.log(str.substring(-4)); // "Today is a nice day!"
- console.log( a .charCodeAt()); // 97
- console.log(String.fromCharCode(97)); // "a"
- console.log(str.search(/[a-c]/)); // 3
- console.log(str.match(/[a-c]/g)); // ["a", "a", "c", "a"]
- console.log([...str.matchAll(/[a-c]/g)]);
- // [Array(1), Array(1), Array(1), Array(1)]
- // 0: ["a", index: 3, input: "Today is a nice day!",groups: undefined]
- // 1: ["a", index: 9, input: "Today is a nice day!",groups: undefined]
- // 2: ["c", index: 13, input: "Today is a niceday!", groups: undefined]
- // 3: ["a", index: 17, input: "Today is a niceday!", groups: undefined]
- console.log([... test1test2 .matchAll(/t(e)(st(d?))/g)]);
- // [Array(4), Array(4)]
- // 0: (4) ["test1", "e", "st1","1", index: 0, input: "test1test2", groups: undefined]
- // 1: (4) ["test2", "e", "st2","2", index: 5, input: "test1test2", groups: undefined]
- console.log(str.replace( a , z )); // Todzy is anice day!
- console.log(str.replace(/[a-c]/, z )); // Todzy is anice day!
- console.log(str.replace(/[a-c]/g, z )); // Todzy is znize dzy!
- console.log(str.replaceAll( a , z )); // Todzy is znice dzy!
- console.log(str.replaceAll(/[a-c]/g, z )); // Todzy is znize dzy!
- console.log(str.replaceAll(/[a-c]/, z )); // TypeError:String.prototype.replaceAll called with a non-global RegExp argument
映射和集合
对于字符串操作,我们需要在某处存储中间值。数组、映射和集合都是需要掌握的常用数据结构,本文主要讨论集合和映射。
(1) 集合
Set是存储所有类型的唯一值的对象。以下是供参考的代码示例,一目了然。
- const set =newSet( aabbccdefghi );
- console.log(set.size); // 9
- console.log(set.has( d )); // true
- console.log(set.has( k )); // false
- console.log(set.add( k )); // {"a", "b", "c", "d","e" "f", "g", "h", "i","k"}
- console.log(set.has( k )); // true
- console.log(set.delete( d )); // true
- console.log(set.has( d )); // false
- console.log(set.keys()); // {"a", "b", "c","e" "f", "g", "h", "i","k"}
- console.log(set.values()); // {"a", "b", "c","e" "f", "g", "h", "i","k"}
- console.log(set.entries()); // {"a" => "a","b" => "b", "c" => "c","e" => "e",
- // "f"=> "f", "g" => "g", "h" =>"h"}, "i" => "i", "k" =>"k"}
- const set2 =newSet();
- set.forEach(item => set2.add(item.toLocaleUpperCase()));
- set.clear();
- console.log(set); // {}
- console.log(set2); //{"A", "B", "C", "E", "F","G", "H", "I", "K"}
- console.log(newSet([{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }, { d: 4, e: 5 }, { d: 4, e: 5 }]));
- // {{a: 1, b: 2,c: 3}, {d: 4, e: 5}, {d: 4, e: 5}}
- const item = { f: 6, g: 7 };
- console.log(newSet([{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }, item, item]));
- // {{a: 1, b: 2,c: 3}, {f: 6, g: 7}}
(2) 映射
映射是保存键值对的对象。任何值都可以用作键或值。映射会记住键的原始插入顺序。以下是供参考的代码示例:
- const map =newMap();
- console.log(map.set(1, first )); // {1 =>"first"}
- console.log(map.set( a , second )); // {1 =>"first", "a" => "second"}
- console.log(map.set({ obj: 123 }, [1, 2, 3]));
- // {1 => "first", "a" =>"second", {obj: "123"} => [1, 2, 3]}
- console.log(map.set([2, 2, 2], newSet( abc )));
- // {1 => "first", "a" => "second",{obj: "123"} => [1, 2, 3], [2, 2, 2] => {"a","b", "c"}}
- console.log(map.size); // 4
- console.log(map.has(1)); // true
- console.log(map.get(1)); // "first"
- console.log(map.get( a )); // "second"
- console.log(map.get({ obj: 123 })); // undefined
- console.log(map.get([2, 2, 2])); // undefined
- console.log(map.delete(1)); // true
- console.log(map.has(1)); // false
- const arr = [3, 3];
- map.set(arr, newSet( xyz ));
- console.log(map.get(arr)); // {"x", "y", "z"}
- console.log(map.keys()); // {"a", {obj: "123"}, [2, 2,2], [3, 3]}
- console.log(map.values()); // {"second", [1, 2, 3], {"a","b", "c"}, {"x", "y", "z"}}
- console.log(map.entries());
- // {"a" => "second", {obj: "123"}=> [1, 2, 3], [2, 2, 2] => {"a", "b", "c"},[3, 3] => {"x", "y", "z"}}
- const map2 =newMap([[ a , 1], [ b , 2], [ c , 3]]);
- map2.forEach((value, key, map) => console.log(`value = ${value}, key = ${key}, map = ${map.size}`));
- // value = 1, key = a, map = 3
- // value = 2, key = b, map = 3
- // value = 3, key = c, map = 3
- map2.clear();
- console.log(map2.entries()); // {}
应用题
面试中有英语应用题,我们探索了一些经常用于测试的算法。
(1) 等值线
等值线图是指所含字母均只出现一次的单词。
- dermatoglyphics (15个字母)
- hydropneumatics (15个字母)
- misconjugatedly (15个字母)
- uncopyrightable (15个字母)
- uncopyrightables (16个字母)
- subdermatoglyphic (17个字母)
如何写一个算法来检测字符串是否是等值线图?有很多方法可以实现。可以把字符串放在集合中,然后自动拆分成字符。由于集合是存储唯一值的对象,如果它是一个等值线图,它的大小应该与字符串长度相同。
- /**
- * An algorithm to verify whethera given string is an isogram
- * @param {string} str The string to be verified
- * @return {boolean} Returns whether it is an isogram
- */
- functionisIsogram(str) {
- if (!str) {
- returnfalse;
- }
- const set =newSet(str);
- return set.size=== str.length;
- }
以下是验证测试:
- console.log(isIsogram( )); // false
- console.log(isIsogram( a )); // true
- console.log(isIsogram( misconjugatedly )); // true
- console.log(isIsogram( misconjugatledly )); // false
(2) 全字母短句
全字母短句是包含字母表中所有26个字母的句子,不分大小写。理想情况下,句子越短越好。以下为全字母短句:
- Waltz, bad nymph, for quick jigs vex. (28个字母)
- Jived fox nymph grabs quick waltz. (28个字母)
- Glib jocks quiz nymph to vex dwarf. (28个字母)
- Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow. (29个字母)
- How vexingly quick daft zebras jump! (30个字母)
- The five boxing wizards jump quickly. (31个字母)
- Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. (31个字母)
- Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. (32个字母)
- The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. (33个字母)
还有很多方法可以验证给定的字符串是否是全字母短句。这一次,我们将每个字母(转换为小写)放入映射中。如果映射大小为26,那么它就是全字母短句。
- /**
- * An algorithm to verify whethera given string is a pangram
- * @param {string} str The string to be verified
- * @return {boolean} Returns whether it is a pangram
- */
- functionisPangram(str) {
- const len = str.length;
- if (len <26) {
- returnfalse;
- }
- const map =newMap();
- for (let i =0; i < len; i++) {
- if (str[i].match(/[a-z]/i)) { // if it is letter a to z, ignoring the case
- map.set(str[i].toLocaleLowerCase(), true); // use lower case letter as a key
- }
- }
- return map.size===26;
- }
以下是验证测试:
- console.log(isPangram( )); // false
- console.log(isPangram( Bawds jog, flick quartz, vex nymphs. )); // true
- console.log(isPangram( The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy sleepingdog. )); // true
- console.log(isPangram( Roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet,and so are you. )); // false
(3) 同构字符串
给定两个字符串s和t,如果可以替换掉s中的字符得到t,那么这两个字符串是同构的。s中的所有字符转换都必须应用到s中相同的字符上,例如,murmur与tartar为同构字符串,如果m被t替换,u被a替换,r被自身替换。以下算法使用数组来存储转换字符,也适用于映射。
- /**
- * An algorithm to verify whethertwo given strings are isomorphic
- * @param {string} s The first string
- * @param {string} t The second string
- * @return {boolean} Returns whether these two strings are isomorphic
- */
- functionareIsomorphic(s, t) {
- // strings with different lengths are notisomorphic
- if (s.length !== t.length) {
- returnfalse;
- }
- // the conversion array
- const convert = [];
- for (let i =0; i < s.length; i++) {
- // if the conversioncharacter exists
- if (convert[s[i]]) {
- // apply the conversion and compare
- if (t[i] === convert[s[i]]) { // so far so good
- continue;
- }
- returnfalse; // not isomorphic
- }
- // set the conversion character for future use
- convert[s[i]] = t[i];
- }
- // these two strings are isomorphic since there are no violations
- returntrue;
- };
以下是验证测试:
- onsole.log(areIsomorphic( atlatl , tartar )); // true
- console.log(areIsomorphic( atlatlp , tartarq )); // true
- console.log(areIsomorphic( atlatlpb , tartarqc )); // true
- console.log(areIsomorphic( atlatlpa , tartarqb )); // false
(4) 相同字母异构词
相同字母异构词是通过重新排列不同单词的字母而形成的单词,通常使用所有原始字母一次。从一个池中重新排列单词有很多种可能性。例如,cat的相同字母异构词有cat、act、atc、tca、atc和tac。我们可以添加额外的要求,即新单词必须出现在源字符串中。如果源实际上是actually,则结果数组是[“act”]。
- /**
- * Given a pool to compose ananagram, show all anagrams contained (continuously) in the source
- * @param {string} source A source string to draw an anagram from
- * @param {string} pool A pool to compose an anagram
- * @return {array} Returns an array of anagrams that are contained by the source string
- */
- functionshowAnagrams(source, pool) {
- // if source is not long enough to hold theanagram
- if (source.length< pool.length) {
- return [];
- }
- const sourceCounts = []; // an array tohold the letter counts in source
- const poolCounts = []; // an array tohold the letter counts in pool
- // initialize counts for 26 letters to be 0
- for (let i =0; i <26; i++) {
- sourceCounts[i] =0;
- poolCounts[i] =0;
- }
- // convert both strings to lower cases
- poolpool = pool.toLocaleLowerCase();
- const lowerSource = source.toLocaleLowerCase();
- for (let i =0; i < pool.length; i++) {
- // calculatepoolCounts for each letter in pool, mapping a - z to 0 - 25
- poolCounts[pool[i].charCodeAt() -97]++;
- }
- const result = [];
- for (let i =0; i < lowerSource.length; i++) {
- // calculatesourceCounts for each letter for source, mapping a - z to 0 - 25
- sourceCounts[lowerSource[i].charCodeAt() -97]++;
- if (i >= pool.length-1) { // if source islong enough
- // if sourceCountsis the same as poolCounts
- if (JSON.stringify(sourceCounts) ===JSON.stringify(poolCounts)) {
- // save the found anagram, using the original source to make stringcase-preserved
- result.push(source.slice(i - pool.length+1, i +1));
- }
- // shift thestarting window by 1 index (drop the current first letter)
- sourceCounts[lowerSource[i - pool.length+1].charCodeAt() -97]--;
- }
- }
- // removeduplicates by a Set
- return [...newSet(result)];
- }
以下是验证测试:
- console.log(showAnagrams( AaaAAaaAAaa , aa )); // ["Aa", "aa", "aA", "AA"]
- console.log(showAnagrams( CbatobaTbacBoat , Boat )); //["bato", "atob", "toba", "obaT","Boat"]
- console.log(showAnagrams( AyaKkayakkAabkk , Kayak ));
- // ["AyaKk", "yaKka", "aKkay", "Kkaya","kayak", "ayakk", "yakkA"]
(5) 回文
回文是从前往后读和从后往前读读法相同的单词或句子。有很多回文,比如A,Bob,还有 “A man, a plan, a canal — Panama”。检查回文的算法分为两种。使用循环或使用递归从两端检查是否相同。下列代码使用递归方法:
- /**
- * An algorithm to verify whethera given string is a palindrome
- * @param {string} str The string to be verified
- * @return {boolean} Returns whether it is a palindrome
- */
- functionisPalindrome(str) {
- functioncheckIsPalindrome(s) {
- // empty stringor one letter is a defecto palindrome
- if (s.length<2) {
- returntrue;
- }
- if ( // if two ends notequal, ignoring the case
- s[0].localeCompare(s[s.length-1], undefined, {
- sensitivity: base ,
- }) !== 0
- ) {
- returnfalse;
- }
- // since two ends equal, checking the inside
- returncheckIsPalindrome(s.slice(1, -1));
- }
- // check whether it is a palindrome, removing noneletters and digits
- returncheckIsPalindrome(str.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9]/g, ));
- }
以下是验证测试:
- console.log(isPalindrome( )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( a )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( Aa )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( Bob )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( Odd or even )); // false
- console.log(isPalindrome( Never odd or even )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( 02/02/2020 )); // true
- console.log(isPalindrome( 2/20/2020 )); // false
- console.log(isPalindrome( A man, a plan, a canal – Panama )); // true
回文面试题有很多不同的变形题,下面是一个在给定字符串中寻找最长回文的算法。
- /**
- * An algorithm to find thelongest palindrome in a given string
- * @param {string} source The source to find the longest palindrome from
- * @return {string} Returns the longest palindrome
- */
- functionfindLongestPalindrome(source) {
- // convert to lower cases and only keep lettersand digits
- constlettersAndDigits = source.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9]/g, );
- const str = lettersAndDigits.toLocaleLowerCase();
- const len = str.length;
- // empty string or one letter is a defecto palindrome
- if (len <2) {
- return str;
- }
- // the first letter is the current longest palindrome
- let maxPalindrome = lettersAndDigits[0];
- // assume that the index is the middle of a palindrome
- for (let i =0; i < len; i++) {
- // try the case that the palindrome has one middle
- for (
- let j =1; // start with onestep away (inclusive)
- j < len &&// end with the len end (exclusive)
- i - j >= 0&&// cannot pass the start index (inclusive)
- i + j < len &&// cannot exceed end index (exclusive)
- Math.min(2 * i +1, 2 * (len - i) -1) > maxPalindrome.length; // potential max length should be longer than thecurrent length
- j++
- ) {
- if (str[i - j] !== str[i + j]) { // if j stepsbefore the middle is different from j steps after the middle
- break;
- }
- if (2 * j +1> maxPalindrome.length) { // if it is longerthan the current length
- maxPalindrome = lettersAndDigits.slice(i - j, i + j +1); // j steps before, middle, and j steps after
- }
- }
- // try the case that the palindrome has two middles
- if (i < len -1&& str[i] === str[i +1]) { // if two middles are the same
- if (maxPalindrome.length<2) { // the string withtwo middles could be the current longest palindrome
- maxPalindrome = lettersAndDigits.slice(i, i +2);
- }
- for (
- let j =1; // start with one step away (inclusive)
- j < len -1&&// end with the len - 1 end (exclusive)
- i - j >= 0&&// cannot pass the start index (inclusive)
- i + j +1< len &&// cannot exceed end index (exclusive)
- Math.min(2 * i +2, 2 * (len - i)) > maxPalindrome.length; // potential max length should be longer than thecurrent length
- j++
- ) {
- if (str[i - j] !== str[i + j +1]) { // if j stepsbefore the left middle is different from j steps after the right middle
- break;
- }
- if (2 * j +2> maxPalindrome.length) { // if it is longer than the current length
- maxPalindrome = lettersAndDigits.slice(i - j, i + j +2); // j steps before, middles, and j steps after
- }
- }
- }
- }
- return maxPalindrome;
- }
以下是验证测试:
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( )); // ""
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( abc )); // "a"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( Aabcd )); // "Aa"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( I am Bob. )); // "Bob"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( Odd or even )); // "Oddo"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( Never odd or even )); // "Neveroddoreven"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( Today is 02/02/2020. )); // "02022020"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( It is 2/20/2020. )); // "20202"
- console.log(findLongestPalindrome( A man, a plan, a canal – Panama )); // "AmanaplanacanalPanama"
熟能生巧。享受编码!