前面也写过几篇关于Mysql数据的文章:
- MySQL集群高可用架构之MHA
- MySQL 同步复制及高可用方案总结
- 官方工具|MySQL Router 高可用原理与实战
今天给大家带来的是关于数据库读写分离相关的实战操作。
ProxySQL介绍
ProxySQL是一个高性能的MySQL中间件,拥有强大的规则引擎。具有以下特性:http://www.proxysql.com/
1、连接池,而且是multiplexing
2、主机和用户的最大连接数限制
3、自动下线后端DB
- 延迟超过阀值
- ping 延迟超过阀值
- 网络不通或宕机
4、强大的规则路由引擎
- 实现读写分离
- 查询重写
- sql流量镜像
5、支持prepared statement
6、支持Query Cache
7、支持负载均衡,与gelera结合自动failover
整体环境介绍
1、系统环境
三台服务器系统环境一致如下
- [root@db1 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
- CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)
- [root@db1 ~]# uname -r
- 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
2、IP地址与软件版本
- proxy 192.168.22.171
- db1 192.168.22.173
- db2 192.168.22.174
- mysql 5.7.17
- proxy sql 1.4.8
3、关闭防火墙、selinux
- systemctl stop firewalld #停止防火墙服务
- systemctl disable firewalld #禁止开机自启动
- sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#g' /etc/selinux/conf && reboot
- #用sed命令替换的试修改selinux的配置文件
4、mysql安装与主从同步
安装请参考以下文章
主从同步请参以下文章
安装布署过程
1、数据库主从同步
- 查看主从同步状态
- mysql> show slave status\G
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
- Master_Host: 192.168.22.173
- Master_User: rep
- Master_Port: 3306
- Connect_Retry: 60
- Master_Log_File: master-log.000001
- Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
- Relay_Log_File: db2-relay-bin.000002
- Relay_Log_Pos: 321
- Relay_Master_Log_File: master-log.000001
- Slave_IO_Running: Yes
- Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
- Replicate_Do_DB:
- Replicate_Ignore_DB:
- Replicate_Do_Table:
- Replicate_Ignore_Table:
- Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
- Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
- Last_Errno: 0
- Last_Error:
- Skip_Counter: 0
- Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
- Relay_Log_Space: 526
- Until_Condition: None
- Until_Log_File:
- Until_Log_Pos: 0
- Master_SSL_Allowed: No
- Master_SSL_CA_File:
- Master_SSL_CA_Path:
- Master_SSL_Cert:
- Master_SSL_Cipher:
- Master_SSL_Key:
- Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
- Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
- Last_IO_Errno: 0
- Last_IO_Error:
- Last_SQL_Errno: 0
- Last_SQL_Error:
- Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
- Master_Server_Id: 1
- Master_UUID: 70a61633-63ae-11e8-ab86-000c29fe99ea
- Master_Info_File: /mysqldata/master.info
- SQL_Delay: 0
- SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
- Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
- Master_Retry_Count: 86400
- Master_Bind:
- Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
- Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
- Master_SSL_Crl:
- Master_SSL_Crlpath:
- Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
- Executed_Gtid_Set:
- Auto_Position: 0
- Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
- Channel_Name:
- Master_TLS_Version:
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 检测主从同步
- [root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e "create database testdb;
- "Enter password:
- [root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e "show databases;" |grep testdb
- Enter password:
- testdb
- #db2上查看是否同步
- mysql> show databases;
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | testdb |
- +--------------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2、准备proxySQL软件
- [root@proxy ~]# wget https://github.com/sysown/proxysql/releases/download/v1.4.8/proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@proxy ~]# ll proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5977168 Apr 10 11:38 proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
3、安装配置
- [root@proxy ~]# yum install -y proxysql-1.4.8-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@proxy ~]# rpm -ql proxysql
- /etc/init.d/proxysql #启动脚本
- /etc/proxysql.cnf #配置文件,仅在第一次(/var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db文件不存在)启动时有效。启#动后可以在proxysql管理端中通过修改数据库的方式修改配置并生效(官方推荐方式。)
- /usr/bin/proxysql #主程序文件
- /usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_checker.sh
- /usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_writer.pl
4、配置文件详解
- [root@proxy ~]# egrep -v "^#|^$" /etc/proxysql.cnf
- datadir="/var/lib/proxysql" #数据目录
- admin_variables=
- {
- admin_credentials="admin:admin" #连接管理端的用户名与密码
- mysql_ifaces="0.0.0.0:6032" #管理端口,用来连接proxysql的管理数据库
- }
- mysql_variables=
- {
- threads=4 #指定转发端口开启的线程数量
- max_connections=2048
- default_query_delay=0
- default_query_timeout=36000000
- have_compress=true
- poll_timeout=2000
- interfaces="0.0.0.0:6033" #指定转发端口,用于连接后端mysql数据库的,相当于代理作用
- default_schema="information_schema"
- stacksize=1048576
- server_version="5.5.30" #指定后端mysql的版本
- connect_timeout_server=3000
- monitor_username="monitor"
- monitor_password="monitor"
- monitor_history=600000
- monitor_connect_interval=60000
- monitor_ping_interval=10000
- monitor_read_only_interval=1500
- monitor_read_only_timeout=500
- ping_interval_server_msec=120000
- ping_timeout_server=500
- commands_stats=true
- sessions_sort=true
- connect_retries_on_failure=10
- }
- mysql_servers =
- (
- )
- mysql_users:
- (
- )
- mysql_query_rules:
- (
- )
- scheduler=
- (
- )
- mysql_replication_hostgroups=
- (
- )
- #因此我们使用官方推荐的方式来配置proxy sql
5、启动服务并查看
- [root@proxy ~]# /etc/init.d/proxysql
- startStarting ProxySQL: DONE!
- [root@proxy ~]# ss -lntup|grep proxy
- tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6032 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=23))
- tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=22))
- tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=21))
- tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=20))
- tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:6033 *:* users:(("proxysql",pid=1199,fd=19))
- #可以看出转发端口6033是启动了四个线程
6、在mysql上配置账号并授权
- mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'proxysql'@'192.168.22.%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
7、proxysql默认数据库说明
- [root@proxy ~]# yum install mysql -y
- [root@proxy ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032
- Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 1
- Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- MySQL [(none)]> show databases;
- +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
- | seq | name | file |
- +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
- | 0 | main | |
- | 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db |
- | 3 | stats | |
- | 4 | monitor | |
- | 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
- +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
main:内存配置数据库,表里存放后端db实例、用户验证、路由规则等信息。表名以 runtime_开头的表示proxysql当前运行的配置内容,不能通过dml语句修改,只能修改对应的不以 runtime_ 开头的(在内存)里的表,然后 LOAD 使其生效, SAVE 使其存到硬盘以供下次重启加载。
disk:是持久化到硬盘的配置,sqlite数据文件。
stats:是proxysql运行抓取的统计信息,包括到后端各命令的执行次数、流量、processlist、查询种类汇总/执行时间等等。
monitor:库存储 monitor 模块收集的信息,主要是对后端db的健康/延迟检查。
8、proxysql的配置系统
ProxySQL具有一个复杂但易于使用的配置系统,可以满足以下需求:
1、允许轻松动态更新配置(这是为了让ProxySQL用户可以在需要零宕机时间配置的大型基础架构中使用它)。与MySQL兼容的管理界面可用于此目的。
2、允许尽可能多的配置项目动态修改,而不需要重新启动ProxySQL进程
3、可以毫不费力地回滚无效配置
4、这是通过多级配置系统实现的,其中设置从运行时移到内存,并根据需要持久保存到磁盘。
- 3级配置由以下几层组成:
参考文章:https://github.com/sysown/pro...
9、配置proxysql管理用户
proxysql默认的表信息如下
- MySQL [main]> show tables;
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | tables |
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | global_variables |
- | mysql_collations |
- | mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
- | mysql_query_rules |
- | mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
- | mysql_replication_hostgroups |
- | mysql_servers |
- | mysql_users |
- | proxysql_servers |
- | runtime_checksums_values |
- | runtime_global_variables |
- | runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
- | runtime_mysql_query_rules |
- | runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing |
- | runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups |
- | runtime_mysql_servers |
- | runtime_mysql_users |
- | runtime_proxysql_servers |
- | runtime_scheduler |
- | scheduler |
- +--------------------------------------------+
- 20 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- #这里是使用insert into语句来动态配置,而可以不需要重启
- MySQL [(none)]> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(1,'db1','3306',1,'Write Group');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- MySQL [(none)]> insert intomysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port,weight,comment) values(2,'db2','3307',1,'Read Group');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [(none)]> select * from mysql_servers;
- +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
- | hostgroup_id | hostname | port | status | weight | compression | max_connections | max_replication_lag | use_ssl | max_latency_ms | comment |
- +--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
- | 1 | db1 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Write Group |
- | 2 | db2 | 3307 | ONLINE | 1 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Read Group
- |+--------------+----------+------+--------+--------+-------------+-----------------+---------------------+---------+----------------+-------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- #接下来将刚刚在mysql客户端创建的用户写入到proxy sql主机的mysql_users表中,它也是用于proxysql客户端访问数据库,默认组是写组,当读写分离规则出现问题时,它会直接访问默认组的数据库。
- MySQL [main]> INSERT INTO mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup) VALUES ('proxysql','123456',1);
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> select * from mysql_users;
- +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+
- | username | password | active | use_ssl | default_hostgroup | default_schema | schema_locked | transaction_persistent | fast_forward | backend | frontend | max_connections |
- +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+
- | proxysql | 123456 | 1 | 0 | 1 | NULL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10000 |
- +----------+----------+--------+---------+-------------------+----------------+---------------+------------------------+--------------+---------+----------+-----------------+1
- row in set (0.00 sec)
- 在mysql上添加监控的用户
- mysql> GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'monitor'@'192.168.22.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'monitor';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- #在proxysql主机端配置监控用户
- MySQL [main]> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor';
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> set mysql-monitor_password='monitor';
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- #参考文章:https://github.com/sysown/proxysql/wiki/ProxySQL-Configuration
10、配置proxysql的转发规则
- MySQL [main]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',1,1);
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
- MySQL [main]> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply)values(2,1,'^SELECT',2,1);
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> select rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply from mysql_query_rules;
- +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
- | rule_id | active | match_digest | destination_hostgroup | apply |
- +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
- | 1 | 1 | ^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$ | 1 | 1 |
- | 2 | 1 | ^SELECT | 2 | 1 |
- +---------+--------+----------------------+-----------------------+-------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- #配置查询select的请求转发到hostgroup_id=2组上(读组)#征对select * from table_name for update这样的修改语句,我们是需要将请求转到写组,也就是hostgroup_id=1#对于其它没有被规则匹配的请求全部转发到默认的组(mysql_users表中default_hostgroup)
11、更新配置到RUNTIME中
由上面的配置系统层级关系可以得知所有进来的请求首先是经过RUNTIME层
- MySQL [main]> load mysql users to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> load mysql servers to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- MySQL [main]> load mysql query rules to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> load mysql variables to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- MySQL [main]> load admin variables to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
12、将所有配置保存至磁盘上
所有配置数据保存到磁盘上,也就是永久写入/var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db这个文件中
- MySQL [main]> save mysql users to disk;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
- MySQL [main]> save mysql servers to disk;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
- ySQL [main]> save mysql query rules to disk;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
- MySQL [main]> save mysql variables to disk;
- Query OK, 94 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- MySQL [main]> save admin variables to disk;
- Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.02 sec)
- MySQL [main]> load mysql users to runtime;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
13、测试读写分离
- [root@proxy ~]# mysql -uproxysql -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 6033
- Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 2Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- MySQL [(none)]> show databases;
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | testdb |
- +--------------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)#这才是我们真正的数据库啊
- 创建数据与表,测试读写分离情况
- MySQL [(none)]> create database test_proxysql;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
- MySQL [(none)]> use test_proxysql;
- Database changed
- MySQL [test_proxysql]> create table test_tables(name varchar(20),age int(4));
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
- MySQL [test_proxysql]> insert into test_tables values('zhao','30');
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
- MySQL [test_proxysql]> select * from test_tables;
- +------+------+
- | name | age |
- +------+------+
- | zhao | 30 |
- +------+------+
- 1 row in set (0.02 sec)
- 在proxysql管理端查看读写分离
- MySQL [main]> select * from stats_mysql_query_digest;
- +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
- | hostgroup | schemaname | username | digest | digest_text | count_star | first_seen | last_seen | sum_time | min_time | max_time |
- +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
- | 2 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x57CF7EC26C91DF9A | select * from test_tables |1 | 1527667635 | 1527667635 | 14253 | 14253 | 14253 |
- | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x226CD90D52A2BA0B | select @@version_comment limit ? | 1 | 1527667214 | 1527667214 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
- | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0xFF9877421CFBDA6F | insert into test_tables values(?,?) | 1 | 1527667623 | 1527667623 | 89033 | 89033 | 89033 |
- | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0xE662AE2DEE853B44 | create database test-proxysql | 1 | 1527667316 | 1527667316 | 8470 | 8470 | 8470 |
- | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x02033E45904D3DF0 | show databases | 1 | 1527667222 | 1527667222 | 19414 | 19414 | 19414 |
- | 1 | information_schema | proxysql | 0xB9EF28C84E4207EC | create database test_proxysql | 1 | 1527667332 | 1527667332 | 15814 | 15814 | 15814 |
- | 2 | information_schema | proxysql | 0x620B328FE9D6D71A | SELECT DATABASE() | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 23386 | 23386 | 23386 |
- | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x02033E45904D3DF0 | show databases | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 2451 | 2451 | 2451 |
- | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x59F02DA280268525 | create table test_tables | 1 | 1527667360 | 1527667360 | 9187 | 9187 | 9187 |
- | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0x99531AEFF718C501 | show tables | 1 | 1527667342 | 1527667342 | 1001 | 1001 | 1001 |
- | 1 | test_proxysql | proxysql | 0xC745E37AAF6095AF | create table test_tables(name varchar(?),age int(?)) | 1 | 1527667558 | 1527667558 | 68935 | 68935 | 68935 |
- +-----------+--------------------+----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+------------+------------+----------+----------+----------+
- 11 rows in set (0.01 sec)#从上述结果就可以看出读写分离配置是成功的,读请求是转发到2组,写请求转发到1组
- 整个读写分离的架构配置到此就完成了,但是此架构存在需要优化的地方,那就是此架构存在单点问题。实际生产环境中可采用MHA+ProxySQL+Mysql这类架构解决此问题,请持续关注!