前言
最近几天看了几篇有关于Java Map的外国博文,写得非常不错,所以整理了Java map 应该掌握的8个问题,都是日常开发司空见惯的问题,希望对大家有帮助;如果有不正确的地方,欢迎提出,万分感谢哈~
本章节所有代码demo已上传github
1、如何把一个Map转化为List
日常开发中,我们经常遇到这种场景,把一个Map转化为List。map转List有以下三种转化方式:
- 把map的键key转化为list
- 把map的值value转化为list
- 把map的键值key-value转化为list
伪代码如下:
- // key list
- List keyList = new ArrayList(map.keySet());
- // value list
- List valueList = new ArrayList(map.values());
- // key-value list
- List entryList = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());
示例代码:
- public class Test {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put(2, "jay");
- map.put(1, "whx");
- map.put(3, "huaxiao");
- //把一个map的键转化为list
- List<Integer> keyList = new ArrayList<>(map.keySet());
- System.out.println(keyList);
- //把map的值转化为list
- List<String> valueList = new ArrayList<>(map.values());
- System.out.println(valueList);
- 把map的键值转化为list
- List entryList = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());
- System.out.println(entryList);
- }
- }
运行结果:
- [1, 2, 3]
- [whx, jay, huaxiao]
- [1=whx, 2=jay, 3=huaxiao]
2、如何遍历一个Map
我们经常需要遍历一个map,可以有以下两种方式实现:
通过entrySet+for实现遍历
- for(Entry entry: map.entrySet()) {
- // get key
- K key = entry.getKey();
- // get value
- V value = entry.getValue();
- }
实例代码:
- public class EntryMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put(2, "jay");
- map.put(1, "whx");
- map.put(3, "huaxiao");
- for(Map.Entry entry: map.entrySet()) {
- // get key
- Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();
- // get value
- String value = (String) entry.getValue();
- System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);
- }
- }
- }
通过Iterator+while实现遍历
- Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();
- while(itr.hasNext()) {
- Entry entry = itr.next();
- // get key
- K key = entry.getKey();
- // get value
- V value = entry.getValue();
- }
实例代码:
- public class IteratorMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put(2, "jay");
- map.put(1, "whx");
- map.put(3, "huaxiao");
- Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();
- while(itr.hasNext()) {
- Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();
- // get key
- Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();
- // get value
- String value = (String) entry.getValue();
- System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);
- }
- }
- }
运行结果:
- key:1,value:whx
- key:2,value:jay
- key:3,value:huaxiao
3、如何根据Map的keys进行排序
对Map的keys进行排序,在日常开发很常见,主要有以下两种方式实现。
把Map.Entry放进list,再用Comparator对list进行排序
- List list = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());
- Collections.sort(list, (Entry e1, Entry e2)-> {
- return e1.getKey().compareTo(e2.getKey());
- });
实例代码:
- public class SortKeysMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put("2010", "jay");
- map.put("1999", "whx");
- map.put("3010", "huaxiao");
- List<Map.Entry<String,String>> list = new ArrayList<>(map.entrySet());
- Collections.sort(list, (Map.Entry e1, Map.Entry e2)-> {
- return e1.getKey().toString().compareTo(e2.getKey().toString());
- });
- for (Map.Entry entry : list) {
- System.out.println("key:" + entry.getKey() + ",value:" + entry.getValue());
- }
- }
- }
使用SortedMap+TreeMap+Comparator实现
- 1. SortedMap sortedMap = new TreeMap(new Comparator() {
- 2. @Override
- 3. public int compare(K k1, K k2) {
- 4. return k1.compareTo(k2);
- 5. }
- 6. });
- 7. sortedMap.putAll(map);
实例代码:
- public class SortKeys2MapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put("2010", "jay");
- map.put("1999", "whx");
- map.put("3010", "huaxiao");
- SortedMap sortedMap = new TreeMap(new Comparator<String>() {
- @Override
- public int compare(String k1, String k2) {
- return k1.compareTo(k2);
- }
- });
- sortedMap.putAll(map);
- Iterator itr = sortedMap.entrySet().iterator();
- while(itr.hasNext()) {
- Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();
- // get key
- String key = (String) entry.getKey();
- // get value
- String value = (String) entry.getValue();
- System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);
- }
- }
- }
运行结果:
- key:1999,value:whx
- key:2010,value:jay
- key:3010,value:huaxiao
4、如何对Map的values进行排序
- List list = new ArrayList(map.entrySet());
- Collections.sort(list, (Entry e1, Entry e2) ->{
- return e1.getValue().compareTo(e2.getValue());
- });
实例代码:
- public class SortValuesMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
- map.put("2010", "jay");
- map.put("1999", "whx");
- map.put("3010", "huaxiao");
- List <Map.Entry<String,String>>list = new ArrayList<>(map.entrySet());
- Collections.sort(list, (Map.Entry e1, Map.Entry e2)-> {
- return e1.getValue().toString().compareTo(e2.getValue().toString());
- }
- );
- for (Map.Entry entry : list) {
- System.out.println("key:" + entry.getKey() + ",value:" + entry.getValue());
- }
- }
- }
运行结果:
- key:3010,value:huaxiao
- key:2010,value:jay
- key:1999,value:whx
5、如何初始化一个静态/不可变的Map
初始化一个静态不可变的map,单单static final+static代码块还是不行的,如下:
- public class Test1 {
- private static final Map <Integer,String>map;
- static {
- map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
- map.put(1, "one");
- map.put(2, "two");
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- map.put(3, "three");
- Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();
- while(itr.hasNext()) {
- Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();
- // get key
- Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();
- // get value
- String value = (String) entry.getValue();
- System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);
- }
- }
- }
这里面,map继续添加元素(3,"three"),发现是OK的,运行结果如下:
- key:1,value:one
- key:2,value:two
- key:3,value:three
真正实现一个静态不可变的map,需要Collections.unmodifiableMap,代码如下:
- public class Test2 {
- private static final Map<Integer, String> map;
- static {
- Map<Integer,String> aMap = new HashMap<>();
- aMap.put(1, "one");
- aMap.put(2, "two");
- map = Collections.unmodifiableMap(aMap);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- map.put(3, "3");
- Iterator itr = map.entrySet().iterator();
- while(itr.hasNext()) {
- Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) itr.next();
- // get key
- Integer key = (Integer) entry.getKey();
- // get value
- String value = (String) entry.getValue();
- System.out.println("key:"+key+",value:"+value);
- }
- }
- }
运行结果如下:
可以发现,继续往map添加元素是会报错的,实现真正不可变的map。
6、HashMap, TreeMap, and Hashtable,ConcurrentHashMap的区别
7、如何创建一个空map
如果map是不可变的,可以这样创建:
- Map map=Collections.emptyMap();
- or
- Map<String,String> map=Collections.<String, String>emptyMap();
- //map1.put("1", "1"); 运行出错
如果你希望你的空map可以添加元素的,可以这样创建
- Map map = new HashMap();
8、有关于map的复制
有关于hashmap的复制,在日常开发中,使用也比较多。主要有 =,clone,putAll,但是他们都是浅复制,使用的时候注意啦,可以看一下以下例子:
例子一,使用=复制一个map:
- public class CopyMapAssignTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Map<Integer, User> userMap = new HashMap<>();
- userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));
- userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));
- //Shallow clone
- Map<Integer, User> clonedMap = userMap;
- //Same as userMap
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- System.out.println("\nChanges reflect in both maps \n");
- //Change a value is clonedMap
- clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");
- //Verify content of both maps
- System.out.println(userMap);
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- }
- }
运行结果:
- {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- Changes reflect in both maps
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
从运行结果看出,对cloneMap修改,两个map都改变了,所以=是浅复制。
例子二,使用hashmap的clone复制:
- {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- HashMap<Integer, User> userMap = new HashMap<>();
- userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));
- userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));
- //Shallow clone
- HashMap<Integer, User> clonedMap = (HashMap<Integer, User>) userMap.clone();
- //Same as userMap
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- System.out.println("\nChanges reflect in both maps \n");
- //Change a value is clonedMap
- clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");
- //Verify content of both maps
- System.out.println(userMap);
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- }
- }
运行结果:
- {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- Changes reflect in both maps
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
从运行结果看出,对cloneMap修改,两个map都改变了,所以hashmap的clone也是浅复制。
例子三,通过putAll操作
- public class CopyPutAllMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- HashMap<Integer, User> userMap = new HashMap<>();
- userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));
- userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));
- //Shallow clone
- HashMap<Integer, User> clonedMap = new HashMap<>();
- clonedMap.putAll(userMap);
- //Same as userMap
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- System.out.println("\nChanges reflect in both maps \n");
- //Change a value is clonedMap
- clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");
- //Verify content of both maps
- System.out.println(userMap);
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- }
- }
运行结果:
- {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- Changes reflect in both maps
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
从运行结果看出,对cloneMap修改,两个map都改变了,所以putAll还是浅复制。
那么,如何实现深度复制呢?
可以使用序列化实现,如下为谷歌Gson序列化HashMap,实现深度复制的例子:
- public class CopyDeepMapTest {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- HashMap<Integer, User> userMap = new HashMap<>();
- userMap.put(1, new User("jay", 26));
- userMap.put(2, new User("fany", 25));
- //Shallow clone
- Gson gson = new Gson();
- String jsonString = gson.toJson(userMap);
- Type type = new TypeToken<HashMap<Integer, User>>(){}.getType();
- HashMap<Integer, User> clonedMap = gson.fromJson(jsonString, type);
- //Same as userMap
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- System.out.println("\nChanges reflect in only one map \n");
- //Change a value is clonedMap
- clonedMap.get(1).setName("test");
- //Verify content of both maps
- System.out.println(userMap);
- System.out.println(clonedMap);
- }
- }
运行结果:
- {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- Changes reflect in only one map
- {1=User{name='jay', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
- {1=User{name='test', age=26}, 2=User{name='fany', age=25}}
从运行结果看出,对cloneMap修改,userMap没有被改变,所以是深度复制。