初学Python常见错误
- 忘记写冒号
- 误用=
- 错误 缩紧
- 变量没有定义
- 中英文输入法导致的错误
- 不同数据类型的拼接
- 索引位置问题
- 使用字典中不存在的键
- 忘了括号
- 漏传参数
- 缺失依赖库
- 使用了python中对关键词
- 编码问题
1. 忘记写冒号
在 if、elif、else、for、while、def语句后面忘记添加 :age = 42if age == 42 print('Hello!')
- age = 42
- if age == 42
- print ( 'Hello!' )
- File "<ipython-input-19-4303141d6f97>" , line 2
- if age == 42
- ^
- SyntaxError : invalid syntax
2. 误用 =
= 是赋值操作,而判断两个值是否相等是 ==
- gender = '男'
- if gender = '男' :
- print ( 'Man' )
- File "<ipython-input-20-191d01f95984>" , line 2
- if gender = '男' :
- ^
- SyntaxError : invalid syntax
3. 错误的缩进
Python用缩进区分代码块,常见的错误用法:
- print('Hello!')
- print('Howdy!')
- File "<ipython-input-9-784bdb6e1df5>", line 2
- print('Howdy!')
- ^
- IndentationError: unexpected indent
- num = 25
- if num == 25:
- print('Hello!')
- File "<ipython-input-21-8e4debcdf119>", line 3
- print('Hello!')
- ^
- IndentationError: expected an indented block
4. 变量没有定义
- if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']: print('This is a mega city')
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- ----> 1 if city in ['New York', 'Bei Jing', 'Tokyo']:
- 2 print('This is a mega city')
- NameError: name 'city' is not defined
5. 中英文输入法导致的错误
- 英文冒号
- 英文括号
- 英文逗号
- 英文单双引号
- if 5>3:
- print('5比3大')
- File "<ipython-input-46-47f8b985b82d>", line 1
- if 5>3:
- ^
- SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
- if 5>3:
- print('5比3大')
- File "<ipython-input-47-4b1df4694a8d>", line 2
- print('5比3大')
- ^
- SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
- spam = [1, 2,3]
- File "<ipython-input-45-47a5de07f212>", line 1
- spam = [1, 2,3]
- ^
- SyntaxError: invalid character in identifier
- if 5>3:
- print('5比3大‘)
- File "<ipython-input-48-ae599f12badb>", line 2
- print('5比3大‘)
- ^
- SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
6. 不同数据类型的拼接
字符串/列表/元组 支持拼接
字典/集合不支持拼接
- 'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.
- '#'I have {} eggs.'.format(12)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- ----> 1 'I have ' + 12 + ' eggs.'
- TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
- ['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- ----> 1 ['a', 'b', 'c']+'def'
- TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list
- ('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- ----> 1 ('a', 'b', 'c')+['a', 'b', 'c']
- TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "list") to tuple
- set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- ----> 1 set(['a', 'b', 'c'])+set(['d', 'e'])
- TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'
- grades1 = {'Mary':99, 'Henry':77}
- grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}
- grades1+grades2
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in <module>
- 2 grades2 = {'David':88, 'Unique':89}
- 3
- ----> 4 grades1+grades2
- TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict' and 'dict'
7. 索引位置问题
- spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']
- print(spam[5])
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- 1 spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'mouse']
- ----> 2 print(spam[5])
- IndexError: list index out of range
8. 使用字典中不存在的键
在字典对象中访问 key 可以使用 [],
但是如果该 key 不存在,就会导致:KeyError: 'zebra'
- spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 'dog': 'Basil', 'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
- print(spam['zebra'])
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- KeyError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- 3 'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
- 4
- ----> 5 print(spam['zebra'])
- KeyError: 'zebra'
为了避免这种情况,可以使用 get 方法
- spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 'dog': 'Basil', 'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
- print(spam.get('zebra'))
- None
key 不存在时,get 默认返回 None
9. 忘了括号
当函数中传入的是函数或者方法时,容易漏写括号
- spam = {'cat': 'Zophie', 'dog': 'Basil', 'mouse': 'Whiskers'}
- print(spam.get('zebra')
- File "", line 5
- print(spam.get('zebra')
- ^
- SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
10. 漏传参数
- def diyadd(x, y, z): return x+y+zdiyadd(1, 2)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) in
- 2 return x+y+z
- 3
- ----> 4 diyadd(1, 2)
- TypeError: diyadd() missing 1 required positional argument: 'z'
11. 缺失依赖库
电脑中没有相关的库
12. 使用了python中的关键词
如try、except、def、class、object、None、True、False等
- try = 5print(try)
- File " <ipython-input-1-508e87fe2ff3>", line 1
- try = 5
- ^
- SyntaxError: invalid syntax
- def = 6
- print(6)
- File "<ipython-input-2-d04205303265>", line 1
- def = 6
- ^
- SyntaxError: invalid syntax
13. 文件编码问题
- import pandas as pd
- df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv')
- df.head()
尝试encoding编码参数传入utf-8、gbk
- df = pd.read_csv('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', encoding='utf-8')
- df.head()
都报错说明编码不是utf-8和gbk,而是不常见都编码,这里我们需要传入正确都encoding,才能让程序运行。
python有个chardet库,专门用来侦测编码。
- import chardet
- binary_data = open('data/twitter情感分析数据集.csv', 'rb').read()
- chardet.detect(binary_data)
- {'encoding': 'Windows-1252', 'confidence': 0.7291192008535122, 'language': ''}