0 索引
- JOIN语句的执行顺序
- INNER/LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOIN的区别
- ON和WHERE的区别
1 概述
一个完整的SQL语句中会被拆分成多个子句,子句的执行过程中会产生虚拟表(vt),但是结果只返回***一张虚拟表。从这个思路出发,我们试着理解一下JOIN查询的执行过程并解答一些常见的问题。
如果之前对不同JOIN的执行结果没有概念,可以结合这篇文章往下看
2 JOIN的执行顺序
以下是JOIN查询的通用结构
- SELECT <row_list>
- FROM <left_table>
- <inner|left|right> JOIN <right_table>
- ON <join condition>
- WHERE <where_condition>
它的执行顺序如下(SQL语句里***个被执行的总是FROM子句):
- FROM:对左右两张表执行笛卡尔积,产生***张表vt1。行数为n*m(n为左表的行数,m为右表的行数
- ON:根据ON的条件逐行筛选vt1,将结果插入vt2中
- JOIN:添加外部行,如果指定了LEFT JOIN(LEFT OUTER JOIN),则先遍历一遍左表的每一行,其中不在vt2的行会被插入到vt2,该行的剩余字段将被填充为NULL,形成vt3;如果指定了RIGHT JOIN也是同理。但如果指定的是INNER JOIN,则不会添加外部行,上述插入过程被忽略,vt2=vt3(所以INNER JOIN的过滤条件放在ON或WHERE里 执行结果是没有区别的,下文会细说)
- WHERE:对vt3进行条件过滤,满足条件的行被输出到vt4
- SELECT:取出vt4的指定字段到vt5
下面用一个例子介绍一下上述联表的过程(这个例子不是个好的实践,只是为了说明join语法)
3 举例
创建一个用户信息表:
- CREATE TABLE `user_info` (
- `userid` int(11) NOT NULL,
- `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
- UNIQUE `userid` (`userid`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
再创建一个用户余额表:
- CREATE TABLE `user_account` (
- `userid` int(11) NOT NULL,
- `money` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
- UNIQUE `userid` (`userid`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
随便导入一些数据:
- select * from user_info;
- +--------+------+
- | userid | name |
- +--------+------+
- | 1001 | x |
- | 1002 | y |
- | 1003 | z |
- | 1004 | a |
- | 1005 | b |
- | 1006 | c |
- | 1007 | d |
- | 1008 | e |
- +--------+------+
- 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- select * from user_account;
- +--------+-------+
- | userid | money |
- +--------+-------+
- | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1009 | 11 |
- +--------+-------+
- 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
一共8个用户有用户名,4个用户的账户有余额。
取出userid为1003的用户姓名和余额,SQL如下:
- SELECT i.name, a.money
- FROM user_info as i
- LEFT JOIN user_account as a
- ON i.userid = a.userid
- WHERE a.userid = 1003;
***步:执行FROM子句对两张表进行笛卡尔积操作
笛卡尔积操作后会返回两张表中所有行的组合,左表user_info有8行,右表user_account有4行,生成的虚拟表vt1就是8*4=32行:
- SELECT * FROM user_info as i LEFT JOIN user_account as a ON 1;
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1003 | z | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1004 | a | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1005 | b | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1006 | c | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1007 | d | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1008 | e | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1001 | x | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1004 | a | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1005 | b | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1006 | c | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1007 | d | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1008 | e | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1001 | x | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1002 | y | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1004 | a | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1005 | b | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1006 | c | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1007 | d | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1008 | e | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1001 | x | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1002 | y | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1003 | z | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1004 | a | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1005 | b | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1006 | c | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1007 | d | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1008 | e | 1009 | 11 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- 32 rows in set (0.00 sec)
第二步:执行ON子句过滤掉不满足条件的行
ON i.userid = a.userid 过滤之后vt2如下:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
第三步:JOIN 添加外部行
LEFT JOIN会将左表未出现在vt2的行插入进vt2,每一行的剩余字段将被填充为NULL,RIGHT JOIN同理
本例中用的是LEFT JOIN,所以会将左表user_info剩下的行都添上 生成表vt3:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1004 | a | NULL | NULL |
- | 1005 | b | NULL | NULL |
- | 1006 | c | NULL | NULL |
- | 1007 | d | NULL | NULL |
- | 1008 | e | NULL | NULL |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
第四步:WHERE条件过滤
WHERE a.userid = 1003 生成表vt4:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
第五步:SELECT
SELECT i.name, a.money 生成vt5:
- +------+-------+
- | name | money |
- +------+-------+
- | z | 8 |
- +------+-------+
虚拟表vt5作为最终结果返回给客户端
介绍完联表的过程之后,我们看看常用JOIN的区别
4 INNER/LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOIN的区别
- INNER JOIN...ON...: 返回 左右表互相匹配的所有行(因为只执行上文的第二步ON过滤,不执行第三步 添加外部行)
- LEFT JOIN...ON...: 返回左表的所有行,若某些行在右表里没有相对应的匹配行,则将右表的列在新表中置为NULL
- RIGHT JOIN...ON...: 返回右表的所有行,若某些行在左表里没有相对应的匹配行,则将左表的列在新表中置为NULL
INNER JOIN
拿上文的第三步添加外部行来举例,若LEFT JOIN替换成INNER JOIN,则会跳过这一步,生成的表vt3与vt2一模一样:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
RIGHT JOIN
若LEFT JOIN替换成RIGHT JOIN,则生成的表vt3如下:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | NULL | NULL | 1009 | 11 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
因为user_account(右表)里存在userid=1009这一行,而user_info(左表)里却找不到这一行的记录,所以会在第三步插入以下一行:
- | NULL | NULL | 1009 | 11 |
FULL JOIN
上文引用的文章中提到了标准SQL定义的FULL JOIN,这在mysql里是不支持的,不过我们可以通过LEFT JOIN + UNION + RIGHT JOIN 来实现FULL JOIN:
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- RIGHT JOIN user_account as a
- ON a.userid=i.userid
- union
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- LEFT JOIN user_account as a
- ON a.userid=i.userid;
他会返回如下结果:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | NULL | NULL | 1009 | 11 |
- | 1004 | a | NULL | NULL |
- | 1005 | b | NULL | NULL |
- | 1006 | c | NULL | NULL |
- | 1007 | d | NULL | NULL |
- | 1008 | e | NULL | NULL |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
ps:其实我们从语义上就能看出LEFT JOIN和RIGHT JOIN没什么差别,两者的结果差异取决于左右表的放置顺序,以下内容摘自mysql官方文档:
- RIGHT JOIN works analogously to LEFT JOIN. To keep code portable across databases, it is recommended that you use LEFT JOIN instead of RIGHT JOIN.
所以当你纠结使用LEFT JOIN还是RIGHT JOIN时,尽可能只使用LEFT JOIN吧
5 ON和WHERE的区别
上文把JOIN的执行顺序了解清楚之后,ON和WHERE的区别也就很好理解了。
举例说明:
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- LEFT JOIN user_account as a
- ON i.userid = a.userid and i.userid = 1003;
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- LEFT JOIN user_account as a
- ON i.userid = a.userid where i.userid = 1003;
***种情况LEFT JOIN在执行完第二步ON子句后,筛选出满足i.userid = a.userid and i.userid = 1003的行,生成表vt2,然后执行第三步JOIN子句,将外部行添加进虚拟表生成vt3即最终结果:
- vt2:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- vt3:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | NULL | NULL |
- | 1002 | y | NULL | NULL |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1004 | a | NULL | NULL |
- | 1005 | b | NULL | NULL |
- | 1006 | c | NULL | NULL |
- | 1007 | d | NULL | NULL |
- | 1008 | e | NULL | NULL |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
而第二种情况LEFT JOIN在执行完第二步ON子句后,筛选出满足i.userid = a.userid的行,生成表vt2;再执行第三步JOIN子句添加外部行生成表vt3;然后执行第四步WHERE子句,再对vt3表进行过滤生成vt4,得的最终结果:
- vt2:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- vt3:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1001 | x | 1001 | 22 |
- | 1002 | y | 1002 | 30 |
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- | 1004 | a | NULL | NULL |
- | 1005 | b | NULL | NULL |
- | 1006 | c | NULL | NULL |
- | 1007 | d | NULL | NULL |
- | 1008 | e | NULL | NULL |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- vt4:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
如果将上例的LEFT JOIN替换成INNER JOIN,不论将条件过滤放到ON还是WHERE里,结果都是一样的,因为INNER JOIN不会执行第三步添加外部行
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- INNER JOIN user_account as a
- ON i.userid = a.userid and i.userid = 1003;
- SELECT *
- FROM user_info as i
- INNER JOIN user_account as a
- ON i.userid = a.userid where i.userid = 1003;
返回结果都是:
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | userid | name | userid | money |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
- | 1003 | z | 1003 | 8 |
- +--------+------+--------+-------+
参考资料
《MySQL技术内幕:SQL编程》