上周在搜索关于深度学习分布式运行方式的资料时,无意间搜到了paddlepaddle,发现这个框架的分布式训练方案做的还挺不错的,想跟大家分享一下。不过呢,这块内容太复杂了,所以就简单的介绍一下paddlepaddle的***个“hello word”程序----mnist手写数字识别。下一次再介绍用PaddlePaddle做分布式训练的方案。其实之前也写过一篇用CNN识别手写数字集的文章(链接戳这里~),是用keras实现的,这次用了paddlepaddle后,正好可以简单对比一下两个框架的优劣。
什么是PaddlePaddle?
PaddlePaddle是百度推出的一个深度学习框架,可能大多数人平常用的比较多的一般是tensorflow,caffe,mxnet等,但其实PaddlePaddle也是一个非常不错的框架(据说以前叫Paddle,现在改名叫PaddlePaddle,不知道为啥总觉得有股莫名的萌点)
PaddlePaddle能做什么?
传统的基本都能做,尤其对NLP的支持很好,譬如情感分析,word embedding,语言模型等,反正你想得到的,常见的都可以用它来试一试~
PaddlePaddle的安装
不得不吐槽一下PaddlePaddle的安装,官网上说“PaddlePaddle目前唯一官方支持的运行的方式是Docker容器”,而docker其实在国内还并不是特别的流行,之前遇到的所有的框架,都有很多种安装方式,非常方便,所以这个唯一支持docker让人觉得非常诡异 = =!不过偶然试了一下,居然可以用pip install,不过为啥官网上没有写呢?所以,对于新手来说,最简单的安装方式就是:
- CPU版本安装
pip install paddlepaddle
- GPU版本安装
pip install paddlepaddle-gpu
训练步骤
传统的方式这次就不展开讲了,为了对比我们还是用CNN来进行训练。PaddlePaddle训练一次模型完整的过程可以如下几个步骤:
导入数据---->定义网络结构---->训练模型---->保存模型---->测试结果
下面,我直接用代码来展示训练的过程(以后代码都会放在github里):
#coding:utf-8 import os from PIL import Image import numpy as np import paddle.v2 as paddle # 设置是否用gpu,0为否,1为是 with_gpu = os.getenv('WITH_GPU', '0') != '1' # 定义网络结构 def convolutional_neural_network_org(img): # ***层卷积层 conv_pool_1 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( input=img, filter_size=5, num_filters=20, num_channel=1, pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, act=paddle.activation.Relu()) # 第二层卷积层 conv_pool_2 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( input=conv_pool_1, filter_size=5, num_filters=50, num_channel=20, pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, act=paddle.activation.Relu()) # 全连接层 predict = paddle.layer.fc( input=conv_pool_2, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Softmax()) return predict def main(): # 初始化定义跑模型的设备 paddle.init(use_gpu=with_gpu, trainer_count=1) # 读取数据 images = paddle.layer.data( name='pixel', type=paddle.data_type.dense_vector(784)) label = paddle.layer.data( name='label', type=paddle.data_type.integer_value(10)) # 调用之前定义的网络结构 predict = convolutional_neural_network_org(images) # 定义损失函数 cost = paddle.layer.classification_cost(input=predict, label=label) # 指定训练相关的参数 parameters = paddle.parameters.create(cost) # 定义训练方法 optimizer = paddle.optimizer.Momentum( learning_rate=0.1 / 128.0, momentum=0.9, regularization=paddle.optimizer.L2Regularization(rate=0.0005 * 128)) # 训练模型 trainer = paddle.trainer.SGD( cost=cost, parameters=parameters, update_equation=optimizer) lists = [] # 定义event_handler,输出训练过程中的结果 def event_handler(event): if isinstance(event, paddle.event.EndIteration): if event.batch_id % 100 == 0: print "Pass %d, Batch %d, Cost %f, %s" % ( event.pass_id, event.batch_id, event.cost, event.metrics) if isinstance(event, paddle.event.EndPass): # 保存参数 with open('params_pass_%d.tar' % event.pass_id, 'w') as f: parameters.to_tar(f) result = trainer.test(reader=paddle.batch( paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=128)) print "Test with Pass %d, Cost %f, %s\n" % ( event.pass_id, result.cost, result.metrics) lists.append((event.pass_id, result.cost, result.metrics['classification_error_evaluator'])) trainer.train( reader=paddle.batch( paddle.reader.shuffle(paddle.dataset.mnist.train(), buf_size=8192), batch_size=128), event_handler=event_handler, num_passes=10) # 找到训练误差最小的一次结果 best = sorted(lists, key=lambda list: float(list[1]))[0] print 'Best pass is %s, testing Avgcost is %s' % (best[0], best[1]) print 'The classification accuracy is %.2f%%' % (100 - float(best[2]) * 100) # 加载数据 def load_image(file): im = Image.open(file).convert('L') im = im.resize((28, 28), Image.ANTIALIAS) im = np.array(im).astype(np.float32).flatten() im = im / 255.0 return im # 测试结果 test_data = [] cur_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) test_data.append((load_image(cur_dir + '/image/infer_3.png'), )) probs = paddle.infer( output_layer=predict, parameters=parameters, input=test_data) lab = np.argsort(-probs) # probs and lab are the results of one batch data print "Label of image/infer_3.png is: %d" % lab[0][0] if __name__ == '__main__': main()
1 def convolutional_neural_network_org(img): 2 # ***层卷积层 3 conv_pool_1 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( 4 input=img, 5 filter_size=5, 6 num_filters=20, 7 num_channel=1, 8 pool_size=2, 9 pool_stride=2, 10 act=paddle.activation.Relu()) 11 # 第二层卷积层 12 conv_pool_2 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( 13 input=conv_pool_1, 14 filter_size=5, 15 num_filters=50, 16 num_channel=20, 17 pool_size=2, 18 pool_stride=2, 19 act=paddle.activation.Relu()) 20 # 全连接层 21 predict = paddle.layer.fc( 22 input=conv_pool_2, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Softmax()) 23 return predict
输出结果如下:
I1023 13:45:46.519075 34144 Util.cpp:166] commandline: --use_gpu=True --trainer_count=1 [INFO 2017-10-23 13:45:52,667 layers.py:2539] output for __conv_pool_0___conv: c = 20, h = 24, w = 24, size = 11520 [INFO 2017-10-23 13:45:52,667 layers.py:2667] output for __conv_pool_0___pool: c = 20, h = 12, w = 12, size = 2880 [INFO 2017-10-23 13:45:52,668 layers.py:2539] output for __conv_pool_1___conv: c = 50, h = 8, w = 8, size = 3200 [INFO 2017-10-23 13:45:52,669 layers.py:2667] output for __conv_pool_1___pool: c = 50, h = 4, w = 4, size = 800 I1023 13:45:52.675750 34144 GradientMachine.cpp:85] Initing parameters.. I1023 13:45:52.686153 34144 GradientMachine.cpp:92] Init parameters done. Pass 0, Batch 0, Cost 3.048408, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.890625} Pass 0, Batch 100, Cost 0.188828, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.0546875} Pass 0, Batch 200, Cost 0.075183, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.015625} Pass 0, Batch 300, Cost 0.070798, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.015625} Pass 0, Batch 400, Cost 0.079673, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.046875} Test with Pass 0, Cost 0.074587, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.023800000548362732} ``` ``` ``` Pass 4, Batch 0, Cost 0.032454, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.015625} Pass 4, Batch 100, Cost 0.021028, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.0078125} Pass 4, Batch 200, Cost 0.020458, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.0} Pass 4, Batch 300, Cost 0.046728, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.015625} Pass 4, Batch 400, Cost 0.030264, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.015625} Test with Pass 4, Cost 0.035841, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.01209999993443489} Best pass is 4, testing Avgcost is 0.0358410408473 The classification accuracy is 98.79% Label of image/infer_3.png is: 3 real 0m31.565s user 0m20.996s sys 0m15.891s
可以看到,***行输出选择的设备是否是gpu,这里我选择的是gpu,所以等于1,如果是cpu,就是0。接下来四行输出的是网络结构,然后开始输出训练结果,训练结束,我们把这几次迭代中误差最小的结果输出来,98.79%,效果还是很不错的,毕竟只迭代了5次。***看一下输出时间,非常快,约31秒。然而这个结果我并不是特别满意,因为之前用keras做的时候调整的网络模型训练往后准确率能够达到99.72%,不过速度非常慢,迭代69次大概需要30分钟左右,所以我觉得这个网络结构还是可以改进一下的,所以我对这个网络结构改进了一下,请看改进版
改进版
def convolutional_neural_network(img): # ***层卷积层 conv_pool_1 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( input=img, filter_size=5, num_filters=20, num_channel=1, pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, act=paddle.activation.Relu()) # 加一层dropout层 drop_1 = paddle.layer.dropout(input=conv_pool_1, dropout_rate=0.2) # 第二层卷积层 conv_pool_2 = paddle.networks.simple_img_conv_pool( input=drop_1, filter_size=5, num_filters=50, num_channel=20, pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, act=paddle.activation.Relu()) # 加一层dropout层 drop_2 = paddle.layer.dropout(input=conv_pool_2, dropout_rate=0.5) # 全连接层 fc1 = paddle.layer.fc(input=drop_2, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Linear()) bn = paddle.layer.batch_norm(input=fc1,act=paddle.activation.Relu(), layer_attr=paddle.attr.Extra(drop_rate=0.2)) predict = paddle.layer.fc(input=bn, size=10, act=paddle.activation.Softmax()) return predict
在改进版里我们加了一些dropout层来避免过拟合。分别在***层卷积层和第二层卷积层后加了dropout,阈值设为0.5。改变网络结构也非常简单,直接在定义的网络结构函数里对模型进行修改即可,这一点其实和keras的网络结构定义方式还是挺像的,易用性很高。下面来看看效果:
I1023 14:01:51.653827 34244 Util.cpp:166] commandline: --use_gpu=True --trainer_count=1 [INFO 2017-10-23 14:01:57,830 layers.py:2539] output for __conv_pool_0___conv: c = 20, h = 24, w = 24, size = 11520 [INFO 2017-10-23 14:01:57,831 layers.py:2667] output for __conv_pool_0___pool: c = 20, h = 12, w = 12, size = 2880 [INFO 2017-10-23 14:01:57,832 layers.py:2539] output for __conv_pool_1___conv: c = 50, h = 8, w = 8, size = 3200 [INFO 2017-10-23 14:01:57,833 layers.py:2667] output for __conv_pool_1___pool: c = 50, h = 4, w = 4, size = 800 I1023 14:01:57.842871 34244 GradientMachine.cpp:85] Initing parameters.. I1023 14:01:57.854014 34244 GradientMachine.cpp:92] Init parameters done. Pass 0, Batch 0, Cost 2.536199, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.875} Pass 0, Batch 100, Cost 1.668236, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.515625} Pass 0, Batch 200, Cost 1.024846, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.375} Pass 0, Batch 300, Cost 1.086315, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.46875} Pass 0, Batch 400, Cost 0.767804, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.25} Pass 0, Batch 500, Cost 0.545784, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.1875} Pass 0, Batch 600, Cost 0.731662, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.328125} ``` ``` ``` Pass 49, Batch 0, Cost 0.415184, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.09375} Pass 49, Batch 100, Cost 0.067616, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.0} Pass 49, Batch 200, Cost 0.161415, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.046875} Pass 49, Batch 300, Cost 0.202667, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.046875} Pass 49, Batch 400, Cost 0.336043, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.140625} Pass 49, Batch 500, Cost 0.290948, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.125} Pass 49, Batch 600, Cost 0.223433, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.109375} Pass 49, Batch 700, Cost 0.217345, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.0625} Pass 49, Batch 800, Cost 0.163140, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.046875} Pass 49, Batch 900, Cost 0.203645, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.078125} Test with Pass 49, Cost 0.033639, {'classification_error_evaluator': 0.008100000210106373} Best pass is 48, testing Avgcost is 0.0313018567383 The classification accuracy is 99.28% Label of image/infer_3.png is: 3 real 5m3.151s user 4m0.052s sys 1m8.084s
1. 导入数据方便。这次训练的手写数字识别数据量比较小,但是如果想要添加数据,也非常方便,直接添加到相应目录下。
2. event_handler机制,可以自定义训练结果输出内容。之前用的keras,以及mxnet等都是已经封装好的函数,输出信息都是一样的,这里paddlepaddle把这个函数并没有完全封装,而是让我们用户自定义输出的内容,可以方便我们减少冗余的信息,增加一些模型训练的细节的输出,也可以用相应的函数画出模型收敛的图片,可视化收敛曲线。
3. 速度快。上面的例子已经证明了paddlepaddle的速度,并且在提升速度的同时,模型准确度也与***结果相差不多,这对于我们训练海量数据的模型是一个极大的优势啊!