Go语言中HTTP Server:
HTTP server，顾名思义，支持http协议的服务器，HTTP是一个简单的请求-响应协议，通常运行在TCP之上。通过客户端发送请求给服务器得到对应的响应。
HTTP服务简单实现
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
//③处理请求，返回结果
func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintln(w, "hello world")
}
func main() {
//①路由注册
http.HandleFunc("/", Hello)
//②服务监听
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
你以为这样就结束了吗，不才刚刚开始。
源码分析
①路由注册
http中的HandleFunc方法,主要用来注册路由
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
DefaultServeMux.HandleFunc(pattern, handler)
}
DefaultServeMux是什么？
DefaultServeMux是ServeMux的一个实例。
ServeMux又是什么？
// DefaultServeMux is the default ServeMux used by Serve.
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux
var defaultServeMux ServeMux
type ServeMux struct {
mu sync.RWMutex
m map[string]muxEntry
hosts bool
}
type muxEntry struct {
explicit bool
h Handler
pattern string
}
ServeMux主要通过map[string]muxEntry，来存储了具体的url模式和handler（此handler是实现Handler接口的类型）。通过实现Handler的ServeHTTP方法，来匹配路由（这一点下面源码会讲到）
很多地方都涉及到了Handler,那么Handler是什么？
type Handler interface {
ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
}
此接口可以算是HTTP Server一个枢纽
func (mux *ServeMux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request)) {
mux.Handle(pattern, HandlerFunc(handler))
}
type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)
func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
f(w, r)
}
从代码中可以看出HandlerFunc是一个函数类型，并实现了Handler接口。当通过调用HandleFunc()，把Hello强转为HandlerFunc类型时，就意味着 Hello函数也实现ServeHTTP方法。
ServeMux的Handle方法:
func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
mux.mu.Lock()
defer mux.mu.Unlock()
if pattern == "" {
panic("http: invalid pattern " + pattern)
}
if handler == nil {
panic("http: nil handler")
}
if mux.m[pattern].explicit {
panic("http: multiple registrations for " + pattern)
}
if mux.m == nil {
mux.m = make(map[string]muxEntry)
}
//把handler和pattern模式绑定到
//map[string]muxEntry的map上
mux.m[pattern] = muxEntry{explicit: true, h: handler, pattern: pattern}
if pattern[0] != '/' {
mux.hosts = true
}
//这里是绑定静态目录，不作为本片重点。
n := len(pattern)
if n > 0 && pattern[n-1] == '/' && !mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]].explicit {
path := pattern
if pattern[0] != '/' {
path = pattern[strings.Index(pattern, "/"):]
}
url := &url.URL{Path: path}
mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]] = muxEntry{h: RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern: pattern}
}
}
上面的流程就完成了路由注册。
②服务监听
type Server struct {
Addr string
Handler Handler
ReadTimeout time.Duration
WriteTimeout time.Duration
TLSConfig *tls.Config
MaxHeaderBytes int
TLSNextProto map[string]func(*Server, *tls.Conn, Handler)
ConnState func(net.Conn, ConnState)
ErrorLog *log.Logger
disableKeepAlives int32 nextProtoOnce sync.Once
nextProtoErr error
}
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error {
server := &Server{Addr: addr, Handler: handler}
return server.ListenAndServe()
}
//初始化监听地址Addr，同时调用Listen方法设置监听。
//***将监听的TCP对象传入Serve方法：
func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
addr := srv.Addr
if addr == "" {
addr = ":http"
}
ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return srv.Serve(tcpKeepAliveListener{ln.(*net.TCPListener)})
}
Serve(l net.Listener)为每个请求开启goroutine的设计，保证了go的高并发。
func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error {
defer l.Close()
if fn := testHookServerServe; fn != nil {
fn(srv, l)
}
var tempDelay time.Duration // how long to sleep on accept failure
if err := srv.setupHTTP2_Serve(); err != nil {
return err
}
srv.trackListener(l, true)
defer srv.trackListener(l, false)
baseCtx := context.Background() // base is always background, per Issue 16220
ctx := context.WithValue(baseCtx, ServerContextKey, srv)
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, LocalAddrContextKey, l.Addr())
//开启循环进行监听
for {
//通过Listener的Accept方法用来获取连接数据
rw, e := l.Accept()
if e != nil {
select {
case <-srv.getDoneChan():
return ErrServerClosed
default:
}
if ne, ok := e.(net.Error); ok && ne.Temporary() {
if tempDelay == 0 {
tempDelay = 5 * time.Millisecond
} else {
tempDelay *= 2
}
if max := 1 * time.Second; tempDelay > max {
tempDelay = max
}
srv.logf("http: Accept error: %v; retrying in %v", e, tempDelay)
time.Sleep(tempDelay)
continue
}
return e
}
tempDelay = 0
//通过获得的连接数据，创建newConn连接对象
c := srv.newConn(rw)
c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) // before Serve can return
//开启goroutine发送连接请求
go c.serve(ctx)
}
}
serve()为核心,读取对应的连接数据进行分配
func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
c.remoteAddr = c.rwc.RemoteAddr().String()
//连接关闭相关的处理
defer func() {
if err := recover(); err != nil && err != ErrAbortHandler {
const size = 64 << 10
buf := make([]byte, size)
buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
c.server.logf("http: panic serving %v: %v\n%s", c.remoteAddr, err, buf)
}
if !c.hijacked() {
c.close()
c.setState(c.rwc, StateClosed)
}
}()
.....
ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
c.cancelCtx = cancelCtx
defer cancelCtx()
c.r = &connReader{conn: c}
c.bufr = newBufioReader(c.r)
c.bufw = newBufioWriterSize(checkConnErrorWriter{c}, 4<<10)
for {
//读取客户端的请求
w, err := c.readRequest(ctx)
if c.r.remain != c.server.initialReadLimitSize() {
// If we read any bytes off the wire, we're active.
c.setState(c.rwc, StateActive)
}
.................
//处理网络数据的状态
// Expect 100 Continue support
req := w.req
if req.expectsContinue() {
if req.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) && req.ContentLength != 0 {
// Wrap the Body reader with one that replies on the connection
req.Body = &expectContinueReader{readCloser: req.Body, resp: w}
}
} else if req.Header.get("Expect") != "" {
w.sendExpectationFailed()
return
}
c.curReq.Store(w)
if requestBodyRemains(req.Body) {
registerOnHitEOF(req.Body, w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead)
} else {
if w.conn.bufr.Buffered() > 0 {
w.conn.r.closeNotifyFromPipelinedRequest()
}
w.conn.r.startBackgroundRead()
}
//调用serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
//方法处理请求
serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
w.cancelCtx()
if c.hijacked() {
return
}
w.finishRequest()
if !w.shouldReuseConnection() {
if w.requestBodyLimitHit || w.closedRequestBodyEarly() {
c.closeWriteAndWait()
}
return
}
c.setState(c.rwc, StateIdle)
c.curReq.Store((*response)(nil))
if !w.conn.server.doKeepAlives() {
return
}
if d := c.server.idleTimeout(); d != 0 {
c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(d))
if _, err := c.bufr.Peek(4); err != nil {
return
}
}
c.rwc.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
}
}
③处理请求，返回结果
serverHandler 主要初始化路由多路复用器。如果server对象没有指定Handler，则使用默认的DefaultServeMux作为路由多路复用器。并调用初始化Handler的ServeHTTP方法。
type serverHandler struct {
srv *Server
}
func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
handler := sh.srv.Handler
if handler == nil {
handler = DefaultServeMux
}
if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
}
handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}
这里就是之前提到的匹配路由的具体代码
func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP (w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
if r.RequestURI == "*" {
if r.ProtoAtLeast(1, 1) {
w.Header().Set("Connection", "close")
}
w.WriteHeader(StatusBadRequest)
return
}
//匹配注册到路由上的handler函数
h, _ := mux.Handler(r)
//调用handler函数的ServeHTTP方法
//即Hello函数，然后把数据写到http.ResponseWriter
//对象中返回给客户端。
h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}
func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {
if r.Method != "CONNECT" {
if p := cleanPath(r.URL.Path); p != r.URL.Path {
_, pattern = mux.handler(r.Host, p)
url := *r.URL
url.Path = p
return RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern
}
}
return mux.handler(r.Host, r.URL.Path)
}
func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
mux.mu.RLock()
defer mux.mu.RUnlock()
// Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
if mux.hosts {
//如 127.0.0.1/hello
h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
}
if h == nil {
// 如 /hello
h, pattern = mux.match(path)
}
if h == nil {
h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), ""
}
return
}
func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
var n = 0
for k, v := range mux.m {
if !pathMatch(k, path) {
continue
}
//通过迭代m寻找出注册路由的patten模式
//与实际url匹配的handler函数并返回。
if h == nil || len(k) > n {
n = len(k)
h = v.h
pattern = v.pattern
}
}
return
}
func pathMatch(pattern, path string) bool {
if len(pattern) == 0 {
// should not happen
return false
}
n := len(pattern)
//如果注册模式与请求uri一样返回true，否则false
if pattern[n-1] != '/' {
return pattern == path
}
//静态文件匹配
return len(path) >= n && path[0:n] == pattern
}
将数据写给客户端
//主要代码，通过层层封装才走到这一步
func (w checkConnErrorWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
n, err = w.c.rwc.Write(p)
if err != nil && w.c.werr == nil {
w.c.werr = err
w.c.cancelCtx()
}
return
}
serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)当请求结束后，就开始执行连接断开的相关逻辑。
总结
Go语言通过一个ServeMux实现了的路由多路复用器来管理路由。同时提供一个Handler接口提供ServeHTTP方法，实现handler接口的函数，可以处理实际request并返回response。
ServeMux和handler函数的连接桥梁就是Handler接口。ServeMux的ServeHTTP方法实现了寻找注册路由的handler的函数，并调用该handler的ServeHTTP方法。
所以说Handler接口是一个重要枢纽。
简单梳理下整个请求响应过程，如下图
