无论React还是RN都已经迈入了ES6的时代,甚至凭借Babel的支持都进入了ES7。ES6内容很多,本文主要讲解类相关的内容。
构造函数
定义侦探类作为例子。
ES5的“类”是如何定义的。
- function ES5Detective() {
- console.log('##ES5Detective contructor');
- }
ES6定义类:
- class ES6Detective {
- constructor() {
- console.log('Detective constructor');
- }
- }
ES6使用了class关键字,而且有专门的constructor。ES5里的function ES5Detective既是类的定义,也是构造函数。
属性
看看这个侦探是从哪本书出来的。
ES5:
- ES5Detective.prototype.fromBookName = 'who';
ES6:
- class ES6Detective {
- detectiveName: string;
- _bookName: string;
- constructor() {
- console.log('Detective constructor');
- this.detectiveName = 'Detective who'; // 属性
- }
- }
ES6 getter & setter
- class ES6Detective {
- detectiveName: string;
- _bookName: string;
- constructor() {
- console.log('Detective constructor');
- this.detectiveName = 'Detective who';
- this._bookName = 'who';
- }
- get fromBookName() {
- return this._bookName;
- }
- set fromBookName(value) {
- this._bookName = value;
- }
- }
如果只有getter没有setter而赋值的话就会出现下面的错误:
- detective.bookAuthor = 'A C';
- ^
- TypeError: Cannot set property bookAuthor of #<ES6Detective> which has only a getter
实例方法
侦探是如何解决案件的。
ES5:
- ES5Detective.prototype.solveCase = function(caseName) {
- var dn = this.dectiveName;
- if(!caseName) {
- console.log('SOLVE CASE: ' + dn + ' no case to solve');
- } else {
- console.log('SOLVE CASE: ' + dn + ' get case ' + caseName + ' is solved');
- }
- };
或者:
- function ES5Detective() {
- this.dectiveName = 'Detective who';
- console.log('##ES5Detective contructor');
- // 实例方法
- this.investigate = function(scene) {
- console.log('investigate ' + scene);
- }
- this.assistant = "assistant who";
- }
ES6:
- class ES6Detective {
- detectiveName: string;
- _bookName: string;
- constructor() {
- console.log('Detective constructor');
- this.detectiveName = 'Detective who';
- this._bookName = 'who';
- }
- solveCase(caseName) {
- if(!caseName) {
- console.log('no case to solve');
- } else {
- console.log('case ' + caseName + ' is solved');
- }
- }
- }
ES6添加方法非常简单直接。ES5中添加实例方法有两种方法,一是在prototype里定义,一是在构造函数重定义。在构造函数中定义的实例方法和属性在每一个实例中都会保留一份,而在原型中定义的实例方法和属性是全部实例只有一份。
另外,在ES5的构造函数重定义的实例方法可以访问类的私有变量。比如:
- function ES5Detective() {
- console.log('##ES5Detective contructor');
- var available: boolean = true; // private field. default income is ZERO.
- this.investigate = function(scene) {
- if (available) {
- console.log('investigate ' + scene);
- } else {
- console.log(`i'm not available`);
- }
- }
- }
在其他的方法访问的时候就会报错。
- if (!available) {
- ^
静态方法
ES5:
- ES5Detective.countCases = function(count) {
- if(!count) {
- console.log('no case solved');
- } else {
- console.log(`${count} cases are solved`);
- }
- };
类名后直接定义方法,这个方法就是静态方法。
- ES5Detective.countCases();
ES6:
- class ES6Detective {
- static countCases() {
- console.log(`Counting cases...`);
- }
- }
- // call it
- ES6Detective.countCases();
继承
ES6使用extends关键字实现继承。
ES5:
- function ES5Detective() {
- var available: boolean = true; // private field.
- this.dectiveName = 'Detective who';
- console.log('##ES5Detective contructor');
- this.investigate = function(scene) {
- // 略
- }
- this.assistant = "assistant who";
- }
- ES5Detective.prototype.solveCase = function(caseName) {
- // 略
- }
- // inheritance
- function ES5DetectiveConan() {
- // first line in constructor method is a must!!!
- ES5Detective.call(this);
- this.dectiveName = 'Conan';
- }
- // inheritance
- ES5DetectiveConan.prototype = Object.create(ES5Detective.prototype);
- ES5DetectiveConan.prototype.constructor = ES5DetectiveConan;
ES5继承的时候需要注意两个地方:
- 需要在子类的构造函数里调用SuperClass.call(this[, arg1, arg2, ...])
- 子类的prototype赋值为:SubClass.prototype = Object.create(SuperClass.prototype),然后把构造函数重新指向自己的:SubClass.prototpye.constructor = SubClass。
ES6:
- class ES6Detective {
- constructor() {
- console.log('Detective constructor');
- this.detectiveName = 'Detective who';
- this._bookName = 'who';
- }
- solveCase(caseName) {
- if(!caseName) {
- console.log('no case to solve');
- } else {
- console.log('case ' + caseName + ' is solved');
- }
- }
- get fromBookName() {
- return this._bookName;
- }
- set fromBookName(value) {
- this._bookName = value;
- }
- get bookAuthor() {
- return 'Author Who';
- }
- static countCases() {
- console.log(`Counting cases...`);
- }
- }
- class ES6DetectiveConan extends ES6Detective {
- constructor() {
- super();
- console.log('ES6DetectiveConan constructor');
- }
- }
ES6的新语法更加易懂。
注意:一定要在子类的构造方法里调用super()方法。否则报错。
调用super类内容
- class ES6DetectiveConan extends ES6Detective {
- constructor() {
- super();
- console.log('ES6DetectiveConan constructor');
- }
- solveCase(caseName) {
- super.solveCase(caseName);
- if(!caseName) {
- console.log('CONAN no case to solve');
- } else {
- console.log('CONAN case ' + caseName + ' is solved');
- }
- }
- }
静态方法可以被继承
ES6的静态方法可以被继承。ES5的不可以。
- class ES6Detective {
- static countCases(place) {
- let p = !place ? '[maybe]' : place;
- console.log(`Counting cases...solve in ${p}`);
- }
- }
- class ES6DetectiveConan extends ES6Detective {
- constructor() {
- super();
- console.log('ES6DetectiveConan constructor');
- }
- }
- // static method
- ES6Detective.countCases();
- ES6DetectiveConan.countCases('Japan');
- // result
- Counting cases...solve in [maybe]
- Counting cases...solve in Japan
在子类ES6DetectiveConan并没有定义任何方法,包括静态方法。但是,在父类和子类里都可以调用该方法。
甚至,可以在子类里调用父类的静态方法:
- class ES6DetectiveConan extends ES6Detective {
- static countCases(place) {
- let p = !place ? '[maybe]' : place;
- super.countCases(p);
- console.log(`#Sub class:- Counting cases...solve in ${p}`);
- }
- }
- // result
- Counting cases...solve in [maybe]
- Counting cases...solve in Japan
- #Sub class:- Counting cases...solve in Japan
代码