在企业中,一般系统架构的瓶颈会出现在数据库这一部分,Mysql主从架构在很大程度上解决了这部分瓶颈,但是在Mysql主从同步的架构也存在很多问题。比如:
1. 关于数据写入部分(也就是主库)往往很难做到扩展,虽然很多大公司在逻辑业务方面就进行对数据的拆分,比如商品库存按照区域去拆分(一个区域走一个库存也就是一个主库,然后定时同步总的库存),按照商品类型去划分(一个类型的商品走一套数据库),但是这对于很多中小型公司来说实现起来还是比较困难的;
2. 主从同步一般都是一个主库,一旦主库出现问题,就有可能直接导致整个主从同步架构崩盘,虽然发现后也是可以慢慢恢复的,但是这个恢复时间对于很多公司来说是难以接受的。
今天的这篇博文主要给解决主库单点故障这个问题提供一个思路:
- 一台主库(我们称之为master-01)提供服务,只负责数据的写入;
- 拿出一台数据库服务器(我们称之为Master-02)资源做master-01主库的从库(之间做主从同步);
- 两台主库之间做高可用,可以采用keepalived等方案(一定要保证master-01同时也要作为keepalived的主);
- 程序在调用主库IP地址的地方写为高可用的VIP地址;
- 所有提供服务的从服务器与master-02进行主从同步;
- 建议采用高可用策略的时候,当master-01出现问题切换到master-02的时候,即使master-01恢复了,也不要让它去自动承接VIP地址,否则可能造成数据的混写
这样做可以在一定程度上保证主库的高可用,在一台主库down掉之后,可以在极短的时间内切换到另一台主库上(尽可能减少主库宕机对业务造成的影响),减少了主从同步给线上主库带来的压力;但是也有几个不足的地方:
- master-02可能会一直处于空闲状态(其实完全可以让它承担一部分从库的角色来负责一部分查询请求的);
- 这样真正提供服务的从库要等master-02先同步完了数据后才能去master-02上去同步数据,这样可能会造成一定程度的同步延迟时间的加长;
- 如果master-01一旦恢复正常,会不会导致数据写入混乱(这个可以在keepalived中设置响应的规则,让其不”夺权”,我们认为的去调整操作即可。
架构的简易图如下:
具体实施方案:
一、在所有需要提供服务的服务器上安装MySQL服务(建议源码安装)
1、yum安装依赖包
- yum -y install cmake make gcc gcc-c++ ncurses-devel bison openssl-devel
2、添加MySQL所需要的用户/组
- groupadd mysql
- useradd -g mysql -r mysql
3、下载MySQL源码包
- wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.36.tar.gz
4、创建MySQL安装所需要的目录
- mkdir /data/mydata/{data,tmp,logs} –pv
5、解压编译安装MySQL
- tar xf mysql-5.5.36.tar.gz
- cd mysql-5.5.36
- cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql \
- -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mydata/data \
- -DSYSCINFDIR=/etc \
- -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
- -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
- -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
- -DWITH_READLINE=1 \
- -DWITH_SSL=system \
- -DWITH_ZLIB=system \
- -DWITH_LIBWARP=0 \
- -DWITH_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock \
- -DDEFAULT_CHARASET=uft8 \
- -DDEFAULT_COLLATTON=utf9_general_ci \
- make && make install
6、为MySQL提供启动脚本
- cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
7、为master-01主库提供配置文件(32G内存较为保守(满连接占用25G左右内存)的配置文件)
- [client]
- port = 3306
- socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- default-character-set = utf-8
- [mysqld]
- server-id = 1
- port = 3306
- user = mysql
- basedir = /usr/local/mysql
- datadir = /data/mydata/data
- tmpdir = /data/mydata/tmp
- socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- skip-external-locking
- skip-name-resolve
- default-storage-engine = INNODB
- character-set-server = utf8
- wait-timeout = 100
- connect_timeout = 20
- interactive_timeout = 100
- back_log = 300
- myisam_recover
- event_scheduler = on
- log-bin=/data/mydata/logs/mysql-bin
- binlog_format = row
- max_binlog_size = 64M
- binlog_cache_size = 1M
- slave-net-timeout = 10
- skip-slave-start
- slow_query_log = 1
- long_query_time = 1
- slow_query_log_file = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/mysql.slow
- log-error = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/error.log
- max_connections = 1000
- max_user_connections = 1000
- max_connect_errors = 10000
- key_buffer_size = 32M #以MyISAM为主的服务器,要调大此值
- max_allowed_packet = 64M
- table_cache = 4096
- table_open_cache = 4096
- table_definition_cache = 4096
- sort_buffer_size = 512K
- read_buffer_size = 512K
- read_rnd_buffer_size = 512K
- join_buffer_size = 512K
- tmp_table_size = 64M
- max_heap_table_size = 64M
- query_cache_type = 0
- query_cache_size = 0
- bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M
- thread_cache_size = 64
- thread_concurrency = 16 #CPU核数*2
- thread_stack = 256K
- innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mydata/data
- innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs
- innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1G:autoextend
- innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16G
- innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 4
- innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
- innodb_log_file_size = 512M
- innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
- innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
- innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
- innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10
- innodb_sync_spin_loops = 40
- innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
- innodb_support_xa = 1
- innodb_thread_concurrency = 0
- innodb_thread_sleep_delay = 500
- innodb_file_io_threads = 4
- innodb_concurrency_tickets = 1000
- log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1
- innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
- innodb_file_per_table #是否采用单表单空间
- innodb_write_io_threads = 8
- innodb_read_io_threads = 8
- innodb_io_capacity = 1000
- innodb_file_format = Barracuda #不开启单表单空间,此选项无效
- innodb_purge_threads = 1
- innodb_purge_batch_size = 32
- innodb_old_blocks_pct = 75
- innodb_change_buffering = all
- transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
- [mysqldump]
- quick
- max_allowed_packet = 32M
- [mysql]
- no-auto-rehash
- [myisamchk]
- key_buffer_size = 64M
- sort_buffer_size = 256M
- read_buffer = 2M
- write_buffer = 2M
- [mysqlhotcopy]
- interactive-timeout
- [mysqld_safe]
- open-files-limit = 10240
8、为master-02提供配置文件
- master-02的配置文件仅需在master-01上稍作修改
- server-id = 20
- log_slave_updates = 1 #添加(将复制事件写入binlog,一台服务器既做主库又做从库此选项必须要开启)
- replicate-same-server-id=0 #添加(防止MySQL循环更新)
- relay_log_recovery = 1 #添加(MySQLrelay_log的自动修复功能)
9、为从库提供配置文件(8G)
- [client]
- port = 3306
- socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- default-character-set = utf8
- [mysqld]
- server-id = 2
- port = 3306
- user = mysql
- basedir = /usr/local/mysql
- datadir = /data/mydata/data
- tmpdir = /data/mydata/tmp
- socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- skip-external-locking
- skip-name-resolve
- default-storage-engine = INNODB
- character-set-server = utf8
- wait-timeout = 100
- connect_timeout = 20
- interactive_timeout = 100
- back_log = 300
- myisam_recover
- event_scheduler = on
- log-bin=/data/mydata/logs/mysql-bin
- binlog_format = row
- max_binlog_size = 64M
- binlog_cache_size = 1M
- slave-net-timeout = 10
- relay_log_recovery = 1
- slow_query_log = 1
- long_query_time = 1
- slow_query_log_file = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/mysql.slow
- log-error = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/error.log
- max_connections = 500
- max_user_connections = 500
- max_connect_errors = 10000
- key_buffer_size = 32M #以MyISAM为主的服务器,要调大此值
- max_allowed_packet = 64M
- table_cache = 2048
- table_open_cache = 2048
- table_definition_cache = 2048
- sort_buffer_size = 128K
- read_buffer_size = 128K
- read_rnd_buffer_size = 128K
- join_buffer_size = 128K
- tmp_table_size = 16M
- max_heap_table_size = 16M
- query_cache_type = 0
- query_cache_size = 0
- bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M
- thread_cache_size = 64
- thread_concurrency = 4 #CPU核数*2
- thread_stack = 128K
- innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mydata/data
- innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mydata/mysqllog/logs
- innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1G:autoextend
- innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
- innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 4
- innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 4M
- innodb_log_file_size = 512M
- innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
- innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
- innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
- innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 10
- innodb_sync_spin_loops = 40
- innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
- innodb_support_xa = 1
- innodb_thread_concurrency = 0
- innodb_thread_sleep_delay = 500
- innodb_file_io_threads = 4
- innodb_concurrency_tickets = 1000
- log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1
- innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
- innodb_file_per_table #是否采用单表单空间
- innodb_write_io_threads = 8
- innodb_read_io_threads = 8
- innodb_io_capacity = 1000
- innodb_file_format = Barracuda #不开启单表单空间,此选项无效
- innodb_purge_threads = 1
- innodb_purge_batch_size = 32
- innodb_old_blocks_pct = 75
- innodb_change_buffering = all
- transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
- [mysqldump]
- quick
- max_allowed_packet = 32M
- [mysql]
- no-auto-rehash
- [myisamchk]
- key_buffer_size = 64M
- sort_buffer_size = 256M
- read_buffer = 2M
- write_buffer = 2M
- [mysqlhotcopy]
- interactive-timeout
- [mysqld_safe]
- open-files-limit = 10240
10、初始化MySQL
- /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mydata/data/ --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
11、为启动脚本赋予可执行权限并启动MySQL
- chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
- /etc/init.d/mysqld start
二、 配置master-01
1、添加主从同步账户
- mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.237.%' idetified by '123456';
- mysql> flush privileges;
2、查看主库的状态
- mysql> show master status;
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- | mysql-bin.000009 | 652 | | |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
3、因为这是测试环境,可以保证没数据写入,否则需要先锁表-->查看状态-->备份数据-->查看状态(保证没变)-->解锁表
三、 配置master-02
1、配置master-02为master-01的从
- #若是线上有数据需要先导入数据
- mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
- -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.237.128',
- -> MASTER_PORT=3306,
- -> MASTER_USER='repl',
- -> MASTER_PASSWORD='123456',
- -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000009',
- -> MASTER_LOG_POS=652;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
- mysql> start slave;
- mysql> show slave status \G
- Slave_IO_Running: Yes #确保为yes
- Slave_SQL_Running: Yes #确保为yes
2、配置master-02的同步用户
- mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl’@’192.168.237.%' identified by '123456';
- mysql> flush privileges;
3、查看master-02的状态
- mysql> show master status;
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- | mysql-bin.000004 | 689 | | |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
四、从库根据上面步骤配置为master-02的从即可(为了节省篇幅不再一一赘述)
五、在master-01上创建一个数据库测试同步效果
六、去master-02跟从库上分别查看是否已经同步过数据来
好了,至此数据同步已经完成。关于keepalived实现双主高可用,我会总结在下篇keepalived实现MySQL高可用文章中,届时分享给各位。