SQL语句通常不是很容易理解,特别是你阅读别人已经写好的语句。因此,很多人指出我们应该遵循在其他语言中遵循的原则,像加上注释和功能模块化。 我***注意到一个很多人都没有使用的Postgres关键特性,也就是 @timonk在AWS Re:Invent 大会关于数据仓库服务Redshift主题演讲时指出的一个特性。这个特性实际上使得SQL兼具了可读性和模块性。在以前,我回头阅读自己的几个月前的 SQL语句,通常很难理解,而现在我可以做到这一点。
这个特性就是CTEs,也就是公用表表达式,你有可能称做它为WITH
语句。和数据库中视图一样,它的主要好处就是,它允许你在当前事务中创建临时表。你可以大量使用它,因为它允许你思路清晰的构建模块,别人很容易就理解你在做什么。
让我们举个简单的例子
- WITH users_tasks AS (
- SELECT
- users.email,
- array_agg(tasks.name) as task_list,
- projects.title
- FROM
- users,
- tasks,
- project
- WHERE
- users.id = tasks.user_id
- projects.title = tasks.project_id
- GROUP BY
- users.email,
- projects.title
- )
通过这样定义临时表users_tasks,我就可以在后面加上对users_tasks基本查询语句,像:
- SELECT *
- FROM users_tasks;
有趣的是你可以将它们连在一起。当我知道分配给每个用户的任务量时,也许我想知道在一个指定的任务上,谁因为对这个任务负责超过了50%而因此造成瓶颈。为了简化,我们可以使用多种方式,先计算每个任务的总量,然后是每人针对每个任务的负责总量。
- total_tasks_per_project AS (
- SELECT
- project_id,
- count(*) as task_count
- FROM tasks
- GROUP BY project_id
- ),
- tasks_per_project_per_user AS (
- SELECT
- user_id,
- project_id,
- count(*) as task_count
- FROM tasks
- GROUP BY user_id, project_id
- ),
现在我们将组合一下然后发现超过50%的用户
- overloaded_users AS (
- SELECT tasks_per_project_per_user.user_id,
- FROM tasks_per_project_per_user,
- total_tasks_per_project
- WHERE tasks_per_project_per_user.task_count > (total_tasks_per_project / 2)
- )
最终目标,我想获得超负荷工作这的用户和任务的逗号分隔列表。我们只要简单地对overloaded_users和 users_tasks的初始列表进行join操作。放在一起可能有点长,但是可读性强。作为额外帮助,我又在每一层加了注释。
- --- Created by Craig Kerstiens 11/18/2013
- --- Query highlights users that have over 50% of tasks on a given project
- --- Gives comma separated list of their tasks and the project
- --- Initial query to grab project title and tasks per user
- WITH users_tasks AS (
- SELECT
- users.id as user_id,
- users.email,
- array_agg(tasks.name) as task_list,
- projects.title
- FROM
- users,
- tasks,
- project
- WHERE
- users.id = tasks.user_id
- projects.title = tasks.project_id
- GROUP BY
- users.email,
- projects.title
- ),
- --- Calculates the total tasks per each project
- total_tasks_per_project AS (
- SELECT
- project_id,
- count(*) as task_count
- FROM tasks
- GROUP BY project_id
- ),
- --- Calculates the projects per each user
- tasks_per_project_per_user AS (
- SELECT
- user_id,
- project_id,
- count(*) as task_count
- FROM tasks
- GROUP BY user_id, project_id
- ),
- --- Gets user ids that have over 50% of tasks assigned
- overloaded_users AS (
- SELECT tasks_per_project_per_user.user_id,
- FROM tasks_per_project_per_user,
- total_tasks_per_project
- WHERE tasks_per_project_per_user.task_count > (total_tasks_per_project / 2)
- )
- SELECT
- email,
- task_list,
- title
- FROM
- users_tasks,
- overloaded_users
- WHERE
- users_tasks.user_id = overloaded_users.user_id
CTEs通常不如经过精简优化过的SQL语句性能高。大多数差距小于一倍差距。对我而言,这种为了可读性作出的折中是毋庸置疑的。Postgres优化器以后肯定会针对这点变的更好。
多说一句,是的我可以用大约10-15行简短的SQL语句做同样的事情,但是你也许不能很快的理解它。当你碰到需要保证SQL做正确的事情时,可读性的优势就出来了。SQL语句总是有个结果,你对此毫无疑问。确保你SQL语句容易推理是保证正确性的关键。
原文链接:http://www.craigkerstiens.com/2013/11/18/best-postgres-feature-youre-not-using/