YUM是RHEL系统中提供的一个安装,卸载和搜索软件包的工具。它能做的不仅仅是安装、卸载软件包,它能做的还有更多,下面我们将在本文中为你展示。
YUM可以自动安装软件包的依赖包,例如当你使用yum安装httpd时,它还会自动安装https apache server以及它依赖的软件包。通过rpm软件包安装时就没有这么方便咯(译注:就是不会自动处理软件包依赖问题咯!),你必须下载所有它依赖的软件包,然后依序安装它们。
yum工具从远端服务器上的软件仓库(通常由OS提供商提供)获取软件包的信息。一个软件仓库是能在特定架构上运行的一系列rpm软件包的集合。例如,对于32位和64位系统各有一个软件仓库,还有针对RHEL5以及RHEL6的软件仓库。你也可以建立一个本地仓库,配置你的yum让其从你的本地仓库里搜索安装软件包。在接下来的例子中,我将向你展示除了安装和卸载软件,yum还可以做的其它事情。为方便理解,我将在我的Amazon EC2 RHEL 6.4服务器上使用httpd软件包为例。
从软件仓库里搜索软件包
- # yum search httpd
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
- ==================== N/S Matched: httpd ==========
- httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
- httpd-devel.i686 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
- httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
- httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
- httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
- mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
- mod_dnssd.x86_64 : An Apache HTTPD module which adds Zeroconf support
想获得详细的输出信息,可以使用下面的命令:
- # yum provides httpd
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
- httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
- Repo : rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases
- Matched from:
yum provides httpd在软件仓库里搜索含有httpd的软件包。
提供所有软件组列表
- # yum grouplist
以上命令将为你显示已经安装的以及可用的软件组。你可以使用软件组安装选项来安装其中一个软件组。例如,我们将安装一个PHP Support的软件组。这个软件组内包含需要的PHP软件包。
- # yum groupinstall PHP Support
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Group Process
- Warning: Group Support does not exist.
- Resolving Dependencies
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: php-cli(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
- --> Package php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4()(64bit) for package: php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
- --> Package php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- --> Package php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 will be installed
- --> Package php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 will be installed
- --> Package php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- --> Package php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Finished Dependency Resolution
- Dependencies Resolved
- ==================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ==================================================
- Installing:
- php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
- php-gd x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 106 k
- php-pdo x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 75 k
- php-pear noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 393 k
- php-xml x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 103 k
- Installing for dependencies:
- libXpm x86_64 3.5.10-2.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 51 k
- php-cli x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.2 M
- php-common x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 524 k
- Transaction Summary
- ==================================================
- Install 8 Package(s)
- Total download size: 4.5 M
- Installed size: 16 M
- Is this ok [y/N]: y
- Downloading Packages:
- (1/8): libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64.rpm | 51 kB 00:00
- (2/8): php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 1.1 MB 00:00
- (3/8): php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 2.2 MB 00:00
- (4/8): php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 524 kB 00:00
- (5/8): php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 106 kB 00:00
- (6/8): php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 75 kB 00:00
- (7/8): php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch.rpm | 393 kB 00:00
- (8/8): php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 103 kB 00:00
- -----------------------------------------------
- Total 2.9 MB/s | 4.5 MB 00:01
- Running rpm_check_debug
- Running Transaction Test
- Transaction Test Succeeded
- Running Transaction
- Installing : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 1/8
- Installing : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
- Installing : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 3/8
- Installing : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 4/8
- Installing : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 5/8
- Installing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
- Installing : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
- Installing : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
- Verifying : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 1/8
- Verifying : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
- Verifying : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/8
- Verifying : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 4/8
- Verifying : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 5/8
- Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
- Verifying : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
- Verifying : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
- Installed:
- php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
- php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
- Dependency Installed:
- libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
- Complete!
使用YUM安装软件包
可以使用yum install命令安装软件包,如下所示:
- # yum install httpd
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Install Process
- Resolving Dependencies
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: apr-util-ldap for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
- --> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
- --> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
- --> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Finished Dependency Resolution
- Dependencies Resolved
- ======================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ======================================================
- Installing:
- httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 821 k
- Installing for dependencies:
- apr x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 123 k
- apr-util x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 87 k
- apr-util-ldap x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 15 k
- httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 73 k
- Transaction Summary
- ======================================================
- Install 5 Package(s)
- Total download size: 1.1 M
- Installed size: 3.6 M
- Is this ok [y/N]: y
如你所见,在安装httpd时yum安装了额外的软件包。这称为yum完成的依赖包解析。
假如你不想让yum弹出[y/N]选项,可以使用yum install -y httpd
使用yum update 命令更新一个已存在的软件包
- # yum update httpd
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Update Process
- No Packages marked for Update
这意味着你系统中安装的httpd软件包已经是yum软件仓库里的最新版本的了。
更新服务器上所有的软件包
- # yum update
以上命令将系统上的所有软件包更新到最新版本,包括内核软件包,这意味着你的OS更新到了RHEL提供的最新版本了。
下载RPM软件包但是不安装
可以使用yum从RHEL或者CentOS的软件仓库里下载RPM软件包但是不安装。你首先需要下载一个插件让yum只下载rpm软件包而不安装。插件名字叫downloadonly,可以通过yum安装,如下所示:
- # yum install yum-downloadonly
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Install Process
- Resolving Dependencies
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6 will be installed
- -> Finished Dependency Resolution
- Dependencies Resolved
- ====================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ====================================================
- Installing:
- yum-plugin-downloadonly noarch 1.1.30-14.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 20 k
- Transaction Summary
- ====================================================
- Install 1 Package(s)
- Total download size: 20 k
- Installed size: 21 k
- Is this ok [y/N]: y
- Downloading Packages:
- yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm | 20 kB 00:00
- Running rpm_check_debug
- Running Transaction Test
- Transaction Test Succeeded
- Running Transaction
- Installing : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
- Verifying : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
- Installed:
- yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6
- Complete!
现在你就可以从软件仓库里只下载软件包而不安装了,命令如下:
- # yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly
默认情况下软件包会被下载到/var/cache/yum/目录,但是你可以添加额外选项将其下载到指定位置
- # yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly -downloaddir=/opt
假如你有一个rpm软件包但是没有它所依赖的软件包,你不知道到哪去得到它所依赖的软件包。你仍然可以通过yum安装这个rpm软件包,并从软件仓库里得到它所依赖的软件包。让我们安装刚刚下载的httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el64.x8664 RPM软件包。
- # yum localinstall /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Local Package Process
- Examining /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- Marking /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm to be installed
- Resolving Dependencies
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: apr-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: apr-util-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
- --> Package apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: openldap-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: expat-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: db4-cxx = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: libdb_cxx-4.7.so()(64bit) for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
- --> Package expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2 will be installed
- --> Package openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 will be installed
- -> Processing Dependency: cyrus-sasl-devel >= 2.1 for package: openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 will be installed
- --> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
- -> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-17.el6 for package: db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64
- --> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
- --> Package db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
- --> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
- -> Finished Dependency Resolution
- Dependencies Resolved
- ===================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ===================================================
- Installing:
- httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 /httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
- Installing for dependencies:
- apr-devel x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 176 k
- apr-util-devel x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 69 k
- cyrus-sasl-devel x86_64 2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 302 k
- db4-cxx x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 588 k
- db4-devel x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 6.6 M
- expat-devel x86_64 2.0.1-11.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 120 k
- openldap-devel x86_64 2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
- Updating for dependencies:
- db4 x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 563 k
- db4-utils x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 130 k
- Transaction Summary
- ===============================================
- Install 8 Package(s)
- Upgrade 2 Package(s)
- Total size: 10 M
- Is this ok [y/N]: y
- Downloading Packages:
- Running rpm_check_debug
- Running Transaction Test
- Transaction Test Succeeded
- Running Transaction
- Updating : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 1/12
- Installing : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 2/12
- Installing : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 3/12
- Installing : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
- Installing : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
- Installing : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 6/12
- Installing : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 7/12
- Installing : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 8/12
- Installing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
- Updating : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
- Cleanup : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
- Cleanup : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
- Verifying : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 1/12
- Verifying : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 2/12
- Verifying : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 3/12
- Verifying : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
- Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
- Verifying : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 6/12
- Verifying : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 7/12
- Verifying : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 8/12
- Verifying : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
- Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
- Verifying : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
- Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
- Installed:
- httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
- Dependency Installed:
- apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1
- cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
- db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2
- openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1
- Dependency Updated:
- db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
- Complete!
使用yum卸载软件包
使用 yum remove 卸载软件包。举例如下:
- # yum remove httpd
- Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
- Setting up Remove Process
- Resolving Dependencies
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
- -> Processing Dependency: httpd-mmn = 20051115 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Processing Dependency: httpd = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
- -> Running transaction check
- --> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
- --> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be erased
- -> Finished Dependency Resolution
- Dependencies Resolved
- ================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ================================================
- Removing:
- httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.9 M
- Removing for dependencies:
- httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
- php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 3.5 M
- Transaction Summary
- ================================================
- Remove 3 Package(s)
- Installed size: 7.0 M
- Is this ok [y/N]: y
- Downloading Packages:
- Running rpm_check_debug
- Running Transaction Test
- Transaction Test Succeeded
- Running Transaction
- Erasing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
- Erasing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
- Erasing : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
- Verifying : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
- Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
- Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
- Removed:
- httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
- Dependency Removed:
- httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
- Complete!
列出所有安装的软件包
假如你要列出你系统上安装的所有软件包,你可以使用yum list installed命令。这条命令结合grep命令是非常有用的,可以用来检查某个特定的软件包是否已被安装。这与使用rpm -qa命令询问已经安装的软件包相似。
- # yum list installed
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
- Installed Packages
- ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- PyYAML.x86_64 3.10-3.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-Release_Notes-6-en-US.noarch
- 4-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- SDL.x86_64 1.2.14-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-cli.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-libs.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- abrt-tui.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- acl.x86_64 2.2.49-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- acpid.x86_64 1.0.10-2.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
- .
- .
- Output Truncated.
列出可用的软件库,通过它们可以查询、安装和更新软件包
- # yum repolist
- Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
- repo id repo name status
- rhui-REGION-client-config-server-6 Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.0 Client Configuration Server 6 4
- rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 (RPMs) 10994
- rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases-optional Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 Optional (RPMs) 6250
- repolist: 17248
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/package-management-yum-redhat-linux/