Fragment 设计理念
在设计应用时特别是Android 应用 ,有众多的分辨率要去适应,而fragments 可以让你在屏幕不同的屏幕上动态管理UI。例如:通讯应用程序(QQ),用户列表可以在左边,消息窗口在右边的设计。而在手机屏幕用户列表填充屏幕当点击某一用户时,则弹出对话窗口的设计,如下图:
Fragment的生命周期
每一个fragments 都有自己的一套生命周期回调方法和处理自己的用户输入事件。 对应生命周期可参考下图:
其中大多数程序必须使用Fragments 必须实现的三个回调方法分别为:
onCreate
系统创建Fragments 时调用,可做执行初始化工作或者当程序被暂停或停止时用来恢复状态,跟Activity 中的onCreate相当。
onCreateView
用于首次绘制用户界面的回调方法,必须返回要创建的Fragments 视图UI。假如你不希望提供Fragments 用户界面则可以返回NULL。
onPause
当用户离开这个Fragments 的时候调用,这时你要提交任何应该持久的变化,因为用户可能不会回来。更多的事件可以参考上图的生命周期关系图。
Fragment 的类别
系统内置了三种Fragments ,这三种Fragments 分别有不同的应用场景分别为:
DialogFragment
对话框式的Fragments,可以将一个fragments 对话框并到activity 管理的fragments back stack 中,允许用户回到一个前曾摒弃fragments.
ListFragments
类似于ListActivity 的效果,并且还提供了ListActivity 类似的onListItemCLick和setListAdapter等功能。
PreferenceFragments
类似于PreferenceActivity .可以创建类似IPAD的设置界面。
Fragment 的详细使用
首先先来看一张DEMO 效果图:
左边点击时,右边的字符会与左边选中的项的字符相同。与IPAD上的设置界面很相似,这一点是否借鉴了ipad 上的UI呢?
相就的XML文件:
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
- <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
- android:layout_width="match_parent"
- android:layout_height="match_parent"
- android:orientation="horizontal" >
- <fragment class="com.xuzhi.fragment.FragmentDemoActivity$TitlesFragment" android:id="@+id/titles" android:layout_weight="1"
- android:layout_width="0px" android:layout_height="match_parent"
- />
- <FrameLayout android:id="@+id/details" android:layout_weight="1" android:layout_width="0px" android:layout_height="match_parent"
- android:background="?android:attr/detailsElementBackground"
- ></FrameLayout>
- </LinearLayout>
主界面代码(己做注释):
- package com.xuzhi.fragment;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.app.AlertDialog;
- import android.app.Fragment;
- import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
- import android.app.ListFragment;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.util.TypedValue;
- import android.view.LayoutInflater;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.view.ViewGroup;
- import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
- import android.widget.ListView;
- import android.widget.ScrollView;
- import android.widget.TextView;
- public class FragmentDemoActivity extends Activity {
- public static String[] array = { "text1,", "text2", "text3", "text4",
- "text5,", "text6", "text7", "text8" };
- /** Called when the activity is first created. */
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- setContentView(R.layout.main);
- }
- public static class TitlesFragment extends ListFragment {
- boolean mDualPane;
- int mCurCheckPosition = 0;
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onCreate");
- }
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onCreateView");
- return super.onCreateView(inflater, container, savedInstanceState);
- }
- @Override
- public void onPause() {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onPause();
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onPause");
- }
- @Override
- public void onStop() {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onStop();
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onStop");
- }
- @Override
- public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onAttach(activity);
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onAttach");
- }
- @Override
- public void onStart() {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onStart();
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onStart");
- }
- @Override
- public void onResume() {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onResume();
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onResume");
- }
- @Override
- public void onDestroy() {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onDestroy();
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onDestroy");
- }
- @Override
- public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState);
- System.out.println("Fragment-->onActivityCreted");
- setListAdapter(new ArrayAdapter<String>(getActivity(),
- android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, array));
- View detailsFrame = getActivity().findViewById(R.id.details);
- mDualPane = detailsFrame != null
- && detailsFrame.getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE;
- if (savedInstanceState != null) {
- mCurCheckPosition = savedInstanceState.getInt("curChoice", 0); //从保存的状态中取出数据
- }
- if (mDualPane) {
- getListView().setChoiceMode(ListView.CHOICE_MODE_SINGLE);
- showDetails(mCurCheckPosition);
- }
- }
- @Override
- public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
- outState.putInt("curChoice", mCurCheckPosition);//保存当前的下标
- }
- @Override
- public void onListItemClick(ListView l, View v, int position, long id) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onListItemClick(l, v, position, id);
- showDetails(position);
- }
- void showDetails(int index) {
- mCurCheckPosition = index;
- if (mDualPane) {
- getListView().setItemChecked(index, true);
- DetailsFragment details = (DetailsFragment) getFragmentManager()
- .findFragmentById(R.id.details);
- if (details == null || details.getShownIndex() != index) {
- details = DetailsFragment.newInstance(mCurCheckPosition);
- //得到一个fragment 事务(类似sqlite的操作)
- FragmentTransaction ft = getFragmentManager()
- .beginTransaction();
- ft.replace(R.id.details, details);//将得到的fragment 替换当前的viewGroup内容,add则不替换会依次累加
- ft.setTransition(FragmentTransaction.TRANSIT_FRAGMENT_FADE);//设置动画效果
- ft.commit();//提交
- }
- } else {
- new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity()).setTitle(
- android.R.string.dialog_alert_title).setMessage(
- array[index]).setPositiveButton(android.R.string.ok,
- null).show();
- }
- }
- }
- /**
- * 作为界面的一部分,为fragment 提供一个layout
- * @author terry
- *
- */
- public static class DetailsFragment extends Fragment {
- public static DetailsFragment newInstance(int index) {
- DetailsFragment details = new DetailsFragment();
- Bundle args = new Bundle();
- args.putInt("index", index);
- details.setArguments(args);
- return details;
- }
- public int getShownIndex() {
- return getArguments().getInt("index", 0);
- }
- @Override
- public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
- Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- if (container == null)
- return null;
- ScrollView scroller = new ScrollView(getActivity());
- TextView text = new TextView(getActivity());
- int padding = (int) TypedValue.applyDimension(
- TypedValue.COMPLEX_UNIT_DIP, 4, getActivity()
- .getResources().getDisplayMetrics());
- text.setPadding(padding, padding, padding, padding);
- scroller.addView(text);
- text.setText(array[getShownIndex()]);
- return scroller;
- }
- }
- }
注意:
- 如果你想在Fragment 里面创建menu,则必须在onCreate的时候设置让它可以存在optionMenu才可以创建,代码为:
- public static class DetailsFragment extends Fragment {
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- setHasOptionsMenu(true);
- }
- }
之后的操作即可以像平常Android的menu用法一样,代码为:
- @Override
- public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater inflater) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater);
- menu.add("Menu 1a").setShowAsAction(MenuItem.SHOW_AS_ACTION_IF_ROOM);
- menu.add("Menu 1b").setShowAsAction(MenuItem.SHOW_AS_ACTION_IF_ROOM);
- }
- @Override
- public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
- // TODO Auto-generated method stub
- Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "index is"+getShownIndex()+" && menu text is "+item.getTitle(), 1000).show();
- return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
- }