hier 中文man页面-51CTO.COM

NAME 名称

hier - 文件系统描述

DESCRIPTION 描述

一个典型的Linux系统具有以下几个目录：

/: 根目录，是所有目录树开始的地方。
/bin: 此目录下包括了单用户方式及系统启动或修复所用到的所有执行程序。
/boot: 包括了引导程序的静态文件。此目录下包括了在引导过程中所必需的文件。系统装载程序及配制文件在 /sbin 和 /etc 目录中找到。
/dev: 对应物理设备的指定文件或驱动程序。参见mknod(1)。
/dos: 如果MS-DOS和Linux共存于一台计算机时，这里通常用于存放DOS 文件系统。
/etc: 用于存放本地机的配置文件。一些大型软件包，如X11，在 /etc 下有它们自己的子目录。系统配置文件可以放在这里或在 /usr/etc。 不过所有程序总是在 /etc 目录下查找所需的配置文件，你也可以将这些文件连结到目录 /usr/etc.
/etc/skel: 当建立一个新用户帐号时，此目录下的文件通常被复制到用户的主目录下。
/etc/X11: X11 window system所需的配置文件。
/home: 在Linux机器上，用户主目录通常直接或间接地置在此目录下。其结构通常由本地机的管理员来决定。
/lib: 此目录下包含系统引导和在根用户执行命令所必需用到的共享库。
/mnt: 挂载临时文件系统的挂载点。
/proc: 这是提供运行过程和核心文件系统 proc 挂载点。这一"伪"文件系统在以下章节中有详细叙述 proc(5)。
/sbin: 类似于 /bin 此目录保存了系统引导所需的命令，但这些命令一般用户不能执行。
/tmp: 此目录用于保存临时文件，临时文件在日常维护或在系统启动时无需通知便可删除
/usr: 此目录通常用于从一个独立的分区上挂载文件。它应保存共享只读类文件，这样它可以被运行Linux的不同主机挂载。
/usr/X11R6: X-Window系统 Version 11 release 6.
/usr/X11R6/bin: X-Windows系统使用的二进制文件；通常是在对更传统的 /usr/bin/X11 中文件的符号连接。
/usr/X11R6/lib: 保存与X-Windows系统有关数据文件。
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11: 此目录保存与运行X-Windows系统有关其他文件。通常是对来自 /usr/lib/X11 中文件的符号连接。
/usr/X11R6/include/X11: 此目录保存包括使用X11视窗系统进行编译程序所需的文件。通常是对来自 /usr/lib/X11 中文件的符号连接。
/usr/bin: 这是执行程序的主要目录，其中的绝大多数为一般用户使用，除了那些启动系统或修复系统或不是本地安装的程序一般都放在此目录下。
/usr/bin/X11: X11执行文件放置的地方；在Linux系统中，它通常是对 /usr/X11R6/bin. 符号连接表
/usr/dict: 此目录保存拼写检查器所使用的词汇表文件。
/usr/doc: 此目录下应可以找到那些已安装的软件文档。
/usr/etc: 此目录可用来那些存放整个网共用的配置文件。然而那可执行命令指向总是使用参照使用 /etc 目录下的文件。 /etc 目录下连接文件应指向 /usr/etc. 目录下适当的文件。
/usr/include: C程序语言编译使用的Include"包括"文件。
/usr/include/X11: C程序语言编译和X-Windows系统使用的 Include"包括"文件。它通常中指向 /usr/X11R6/include/X11. 符号连接表。
/usr/include/asm: 申明汇编函数的Include"包括"文件，它通常是指向 /usr/src/linux/include/asm 目录的符号连接
/usr/include/linux: 包含系统变更的信息通常是指向 /usr/src/linux/include/linux 目录的符号连接表，来获得操作系统特定信息。
(注：用户应在此自行包含那些保证自己开发的程序正常运行所需的libc 函数库。不管怎样，Linux核心系统不是设计用来执行直接运行用户程序的，它并不知道用户程序需要使用哪个版本的libc库。如果你随意将 /usr/include/asm 和 /usr/include/linux 指向一个系统内核，系统很可能崩溃。Debian系统不这么做。它使用 libc*-dev运行包中提供的内核系统标识，以保证启动所有正确的文件。)
/usr/include/g++: GNU C++编译器所使用的Include"包括"文件。
/usr/lib: 目标库文件，包括动态连接库加上一些通常不是直接调用的可执行文件。一些复杂的程序可能在此占用整个子目录。
/usr/lib/X11: 存放X系统数据文件及系统配置文件的地方。 Linux中通常是指向 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 目录的符号连接表。
/usr/lib/gcc-lib: GNU C 编译器所使用的可执行文件和"包括"文件。 gcc(1).
/usr/lib/groff: GNU groff 文档格式系统所使用的文件。
/usr/lib/uucp: uucp(1) 所使用的文件。
/usr/lib/zoneinfo: 有关时区信息文件文件。
/usr/local: 安装在本地执行程序的地方。
/usr/local/bin: 在此地放置本地执行程序的二进制文件。
/usr/local/doc: 放置本地文档。
/usr/local/etc: 安装在本地程序的配置文件。
/usr/local/lib: 安装在本地程序的库文件。
/usr/local/info: 安装在本地程序有关信息文件。
/usr/local/man: 安装在本地程序使用手册。
/usr/local/sbin: 安装在本地的系统管理程序。
/usr/local/src: 安装在本地程序的源代码。
/usr/man: 手册页通常放在此目录，或相关子目录下。
/usr/man//man[1-9]: 此目录在指定的地方以源代码形式存放手册页。系统在所有的手册页中使用自己独特的语言及代码集，可能会省略 substring 子字串。
/usr/sbin: 此目录保存系统管理程序的二进制码，这些文件不是系统启动或文件系统挂载 /usr 目录或修复系统所必需的。
/usr/share: 在此目录下不同的子目录中保存了同一个操作系统在不同构架下工作时特定应用程序的共享资料。用户可以找到通常放在 /usr/doc 或 /usr/lib 或 /usr/man 目录下的这些资料。
/usr/src: 系统不同组成部份的源文件包括参考资料包。不要将你自己与项目有关的文件放这里，因为在安装软件外，/usr下的文件属性除通常设为只读。
/usr/src/linux: 系统内核资源通常拆包安装于此。这是系统中重要的一环，因为 /usr/include/linux 符号连接表指向此目录。你应当使用其他目录来来编译建立新内核。
/usr/tmp: 此目录不再使用了。它应指向目录 /var/tmp。这个链接只是出于系统兼容的目的，一般不再使用。
/var: 此目录下文件的大小可能会改变，如缓冲文件可日志文件。
/var/adm: 此目录为 /var/log 甩替代，通常是指向 /var/log 的符号连接表。
/var/backups: 此目录用来存放重要系统文件的后备文件
/var/catman/cat[1-9] or /var/cache/man/cat[1-9]: 此目录存放根据手册分类预先格式化的参考手册页。(这些参考手册页是相互独立的)
/var/lock: 此目录存放锁定文件。依据命名习惯，设备锁定文件是 LCKxxxxx xxxxx与在文件系统中该设备名相同，使用的格式是HDU UUCP锁定文件，例如包含进程标识PID的锁定文件是一个10字节的ASCII格式的数字，后面跟一个换行符。
/var/log: 各种日志文件。
/var/preserve: 这是 vi(1) 存放正在编辑中的文件，以便以后可以恢复。
/var/run: 运行时的变量文件，如存放进程标识和登录用户信息的文件。 (utmp) 此目录下文件在系统启动时被自动清除。
/var/spool: 各种程序产生的缓冲或排除等待的文件
/var/spool/at: at(1) 的作业存缓区
/var/spool/cron: cron(1) 的作业存缓区
/var/spool/lpd: 打印缓存文件。
/var/spool/mail: 用户邮箱。
/var/spool/smail: 存放 smail(1) 邮件发送程序的缓冲文件。
/var/spool/news: 新闻子系统的缓冲目录
/var/spool/uucp: uucp(1) 的缓冲文件
/var/tmp: 类似 /tmp, 此目录保存未指定持续时间的临时文件。

CONFORMS TO 适用于

Linux 文件系统，1.2版

BUGS缺陷

这份列表是不详尽的。因为不同的系统配置是不同。

参见

find(1), ln(1), mount(1), proc(5), Linux 文件系统标准的相关内容。

#p#

NAME

hier - Description of the file system hierarchy

DESCRIPTION

A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories:

/: This is the root directory. This is where the whole tree starts.
/bin: This directory contains executable programs which are needed in single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it.
/boot: Contains static files for the boot loader. This directory only holds the files which are needed during the boot process. The map installer and configuration files should go to /sbin and /etc.
/dev: Special or device files, which refer to physical devices. See mknod(1).
/dos: If both MS-DOS and Linux are run on one computer, this is a typical place to mount a DOS file system.
/etc: Contains configuration files which are local to the machine. Some larger software packages, like X11, can have their own subdirectories below /etc. Site-wide configuration files may be placed here or in /usr/etc. Nevertheless, programs should always look for these files in /etc and you may have links for these files to /usr/etc.
/etc/opt: Host-specific configuration files for add-on applications installed in /opt.
/etc/sgml: This directory contains the configuration files for SGML and XML (optional).
/etc/skel: When a new user account is created, files from this directory are usually copied into the user's home directory.
/etc/X11: Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional).
/home: On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath this directory, directly or not. The structure of this directory depends on local administration decisions.
/lib: This directory should hold those shared libraries that are necessary to boot the system and to run the commands in the root filesystem.
/mnt: This directory contains mount points for temporarily mounted filesystems
/opt: This directory should contain add-on packages that contain static files.
/proc: This is a mount point for the proc filesystem, which provides information about running processes and the kernel. This pseudo-file system is described in more detail in proc(5).
/root: This directory is usually the home directory for the root user (optional).
/sbin: Like /bin, this directory holds commands needed to boot the system, but which are usually not executed by normal users.
/tmp: This directory contains temporary files which may be deleted with no notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up.
/usr: This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition. It should hold only sharable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted by various machines running Linux.
/usr/X11R6: The X-Window system, version 11 release 6 (optional).
/usr/X11R6/bin: Binaries which belong to the X-Windows system; often, there is a symbolic link from the more traditional /usr/bin/X11 to here.
/usr/X11R6/lib: Data files associated with the X-Windows system.
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11: These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X; Often, there is a symbolic link from /usr/lib/X11 to this directory.
/usr/X11R6/include/X11: Contains include files needed for compiling programs using the X11 window system. Often, there is a symbolic link from /usr/include/X11 to this directory.
/usr/bin: This is the primary directory for executable programs. Most programs executed by normal users which are not needed for booting or for repairing the system and which are not installed locally should be placed in this directory.
/usr/bin/X11: is the traditional place to look for X11 executables; on Linux, it usually is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/bin.
/usr/dict: Replaced by /usr/share/dict.
/usr/doc: Replaced by /usr/share/doc.
/usr/etc: Site-wide configuration files to be shared between several machines may be stored in this directory. However, commands should always reference those files using the /etc directory. Links from files in /etc should point to the appropriate files in /usr/etc.
/usr/games: Binaries for games and educational programs (optional).
/usr/include: Include files for the C compiler.
/usr/include/X11: Include files for the C compiler and the X-Windows system. This is usually a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/include/X11.
/usr/include/asm: Include files which declare some assembler functions. This used to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/asm.
/usr/include/linux: This contains information which may change from system release to system release and used to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/linux to get at operating system specific information.
(Note that one should have include files there that work correctly with the current libc and in user space. However, Linux kernel source is not designed to be used with user programs and does not know anything about the libc you are using. It is very likely that things will break if you let /usr/include/asm and /usr/include/linux point at a random kernel tree. Debian systems don't do this and use headers from a known good kernel version, provided in the libc*-dev package.)
/usr/include/g++: Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler.
/usr/lib: Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables which usually are not invoked directly. More complicated programs may have whole subdirectories there.
/usr/lib/X11: The usual place for data files associated with X programs, and configuration files for the X system itself. On Linux, it usually is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11.
/usr/lib/gcc-lib: contains executables and include files for the GNU C compiler, gcc(1).
/usr/lib/groff: Files for the GNU groff document formatting system.
/usr/lib/uucp: Files for uucp(1).
/usr/local: This is where programs which are local to the site typically go.
/usr/local/bin: Binaries for programs local to the site.
/usr/local/doc: Local documentation.
/usr/local/etc: Configuration files associated with locally installed programs.
/usr/local/games: Binaries for locally installed games.
/usr/local/lib: Files associated with locally installed programs.
/usr/local/include: Header files for the local C compiler.
/usr/local/info: Info pages associated with locally installed programs.
/usr/local/man: Man pages associated with locally installed programs.
/usr/local/sbin: Locally installed programs for system administration.
/usr/local/share: Local application data that can be shared among different architectures of the same OS.
/usr/local/src: Source code for locally installed software.
/usr/man: Replaced by /usr/share/man.
/usr/sbin: This directory contains program binaries for system administration which are not essential for the boot process, for mounting /usr, or for system repair.
/usr/share: This directory contains subdirectories with specific application data, that can be shared among different architectures of the same OS. Often one finds stuff here that used to live in /usr/doc or /usr/lib or /usr/man.
/usr/share/dict: Contains the word lists used by spell checkers.
/usr/share/doc: Documentation about installed programs.
/usr/share/games: Static data files for games in /usr/games.
/usr/share/info: Info pages go here.
/usr/share/locale: Locale information goes here.
/usr/share/man: Manpages go here in subdirectories according to the man page sections.
/usr/share/man/<locale>/man[1-9]: These directories contain manual pages for the specific locale in source code form. Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual pages may omit the <locale> substring.
/usr/share/misc: Miscellaneous data that can be shared among different architectures of the same OS.
/usr/share/nls: The message catalogs for native language support go here.
/usr/share/sgml: Files for SGML and XML.
/usr/share/terminfo: The datebase for terminfo.
/usr/share/tmac: Troff macros that are not distributed with groff.
/usr/share/zoneinfo: Files for timezone information.
/usr/src: Source files for different parts of the system, included with some packages for reference purposes. Don't work here with your own projects, as files below /usr should be read-only except when installing software.
/usr/src/linux: This was the traditional place for the kernel source. Some distributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship. You should probably use another directory when building your own kernel.
/usr/tmp: Obsolete. This should be a link to /var/tmp. This link is present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used.
/var: This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool and log files.
/var/adm: This directory is superseded by /var/log and should be a symbolic link to /var/log.
/var/backups: Reserved for historical reasons.
/var/cache: Data cached for programs.
/var/catman/cat[1-9] or /var/cache/man/cat[1-9]: These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to their man page section. (The use of preformatted manual pages is deprecated.)
/var/cron: Reserved for historical reasons.
/var/lib: Variable state information for programs.
/var/local: Variable data for /usr/local.
/var/lock: Lock files are placed in this directory. The naming convention for device lock files is LCK..<device> where <device> is the device's name in the filesystem. The format used is that of HDU UUCP lock files, i.e. lock files contain a PID as a 10-byte ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline character.
/var/log: Miscellaneous log files.
/var/opt: Variable data for /opt.
/var/mail: Users' mailboxes. Replaces /var/spool/mail.
/var/msgs: Reserved for historical reasons.
/var/preserve: Reserved for historical reasons.
/var/run: Run-time variable files, like files holding process identifiers (PIDs) and logged user information (utmp). Files in this directory are usually cleared when the system boots.
/var/spool: Spooled (or queued) files for various programs.
/var/spool/at: Spooled jobs for at(1).
/var/spool/cron: Spooled jobs for cron(1).
/var/spool/lpd: Spooled files for printing.
/var/spool/mail: Replaced by /var/mail.
/var/spool/mqueue: Queued outgoing mail.
/var/spool/news: Spool directory for news.
/var/spool/rwho: Spooled files for rwhod(8).
/var/spool/smail: Spooled files for the smail(1) mail delivery program.
/var/spool/uucp: Spooled files for uucp(1).
/var/tmp: Like /tmp, this directory holds temporary files stored for an unspecified duration.
/var/yp: Database files for NIS.

CONFORMS TO

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, Version 2.2 <http://www.pathname.com/fhs/>

BUGS

This list is not exhaustive; different systems may be configured differently.

hier 中文man页面