passwd(password)
功能说明：设置密码。
语法：passwd[-dklS][-u<-f>][用户名称]
补充说明：passwd指令让用户可以更改自己的密码，而系统管理者则能用它管理系统用户的密码。只有管理者可以指定用户名称，一般用户只能变更自己的密码。
参数：
-d删除密码。本参数仅有系统管理者才能使用。
-f强制执行。
-k设置只有在密码过期失效后，方能更新。
-l锁住密码。
-s列出密码的相关信息。本参数仅有系统管理者才能使用。
-u解开已上锁的帐号。
#p#
NAME
passwd - update a user's authentication tokens(s)
SYNOPSIS
passwd [-k] [-l] [-u [-f]] [-d] [-n mindays] [-x maxdays] [-w warndays] [-i inactivedays] [-S] [--stdin] [username]
DESCRIPTION
Passwd is used to update a user's authentication token(s).
Passwd is configured to work through the Linux-PAM API. Essentially, it initializes itself as a "passwd" service with Linux-PAM and utilizes configured password modules to authenticate and then update a user's password.
A simple entry in the Linux-PAM configuration file for this service would be:
# passwd service entry that does strength checking of
# a proposed password before updating it.
#
passwd password requisite \
/usr/lib/security/pam_cracklib.so retry=3
passwd password required \
/usr/lib/security/pam_unix.so use_authtok
#
Note, other module-types are not required for this application to function correctly.
OPTIONS
- -k
- The option, -k, is used to indicate that the update should only be for expired authentication tokens (passwords); the user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as before.
- -l
- This option is used to lock the specified account and it is available to root only. The locking is performed by rendering the encrypted password into an invalid string (by prefixing the encrypted string with an !).
- --stdin
- This option is used to indicate that passwd should read the new password from standard input, which can be a pipe.
- -u
- This is the reverse of the -l option - it will unlock the account password by removing the ! prefix. This option is available to root only. By default passwd will refuse to create a passwordless account (it will not unlock an account that has only "!" as a password). The force option -f will override this protection.
- -d
- This is a quick way to disable a password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless. Available to root only.
- -n
- This will set the minimum password lifetime, in days, if the user's account supports password lifetimes. Available to root only.
- -x
- This will set the maximum password lifetime, in days, if the user's account supports password lifetimes. Available to root only.
- -w
- This will set the number of days in advance the user will begin receiving warnings that her password will expire, if the user's account supports password lifetimes. Available to root only.
- -i
- This will set the number of days which will pass before an expired password for this account will be taken to mean that the account is inactive and should be disabled, if the user's account supports password lifetimes. Available to root only.
- -S
- This will output a short information about the status of the password for a given account. Available to root user only.
Remember the following two principles
- Protect your password.
- Don't write down your password - memorize it. In particular, don't write it down and leave it anywhere, and don't place it in an unencrypted file! Use unrelated passwords for systems controlled by different organizations. Don't give or share your password, in particular to someone claiming to be from computer support or a vendor. Don't let anyone watch you enter your password. Don't enter your password to a computer you don't trust or if things Use the password for a limited time and change it periodically.
- Choose a hard-to-guess password.
- passwd will try to prevent you from choosing a really bad password, but it isn't foolproof; create your password wisely. Don't use something you'd find in a dictionary (in any language or jargon). Don't use a name (including that of a spouse, parent, child, pet, fantasy character, famous person, and location) or any variation of your personal or account name. Don't use accessible information about you (such as your phone number, license plate, or social security number) or your environment. Don't use a birthday or a simple pattern (such as backwards, followed by a digit, or preceded by a digit. Instead, use a mixture of upper and lower case letters, as well as digits or punctuation. When choosing a new password, make sure it's unrelated to any previous password. Use long passwords (say 8 characters long). You might use a word pair with punctuation inserted, a passphrase (an understandable sequence of words), or the first letter of each word in a passphrase.
These principles are partially enforced by the system, but only partly so. Vigilence on your part will make the system much more secure.
EXIT CODE
On successful completion of its task, passwd will complete with exit code 0. An exit code of 1 indicates an error occurred. Textual errors are written to the standard error stream.
CONFORMING TO
Linux-PAM (Pluggable Authentication modules for Linux).
Note, if your distribution of Linux-PAM conforms to the Linux Filesystem Standard, you may find the modules in /lib/security/ instead of /usr/lib/security/, as indicated in the example.
FILES
/etc/pam.d/passwd - the Linux-PAM configuration file
BUGS
None known.
SEE ALSO
pam(8), and pam_chauthok(2).
