patch 中文man页面-pnpm patch

功能说明：修补文件。

语法：patch[-bceEflnNRstTuvZ][-B<备份字首字符串>][-d<工作目录>][-D<标示符号>][-F<监别列数>][-g<控制数值>][-i<修补文件>][-o<输出文件>][-p<剥离层级>][-r<拒绝文件>][-V<备份方式>][-Y<备份字首字符串>][-z<备份字尾字符串>][--backup-if-mismatch][--binary][--help][--nobackup-if-mismatch][--verbose][原始文件<修补文件>]或path[-p<剥离层级>]<[修补文件]

补充说明：patch指令让用户利用设置修补文件的方式，修改，更新原始文件。倘若一次仅修改一个文件，可直接在指令列中下达指令依序执行。如果配合修补文件的方式则能一次修补大批文件，这也是Linux系统核心的升级方法之一。

参数：

-b或--backup备份每一个原始文件。

-B<备份字首字符串>或--prefix=<备份字首字符串>设置文件备份时，附加在文件名称前面的字首字符串，该字符串可以是路径名称。

-c或--context把修补数据解译成关联性的差异。

-d<工作目录>或--directory=<工作目录>设置工作目录。

-D<标示符号>或--ifdef=<标示符号>用指定的符号把改变的地方标示出来。

-e或--ed把修补数据解译成ed指令可用的叙述文件。

-E或--remove-empty-files若修补过后输出的文件其内容是一片空白，则移除该文件。

-f或--force此参数的效果和指定"-t"参数类似，但会假设修补数据的版本为新版本。

-F<监别列数>或--fuzz<监别列数>设置监别列数的最大值。

-g<控制数值>或--get=<控制数值>设置以RSC或SCCS控制修补作业。

-i<修补文件>或--input=<修补文件>读取指定的修补问家你。

-l或--ignore-whitespace忽略修补数据与输入数据的跳格，空格字符。

-n或--normal把修补数据解译成一般性的差异。

-N或--forward忽略修补的数据较原始文件的版本更旧，或该版本的修补数据已使用过。

-o<输出文件>或--output=<输出文件>设置输出文件的名称，修补过的文件会以该名称存放。

-p<剥离层级>或--strip=<剥离层级>设置欲剥离几层路径名称。

-f<拒绝文件>或--reject-file=<拒绝文件>设置保存拒绝修补相关信息的文件名称，预设的文件名称为.rej。

-R或--reverse假设修补数据是由新旧文件交换位置而产生。

-s或--quiet或--silent不显示指令执行过程，除非发生错误。

-t或--batch自动略过错误，不询问任何问题。

-T或--set-time此参数的效果和指定"-Z"参数类似，但以本地时间为主。

-u或--unified把修补数据解译成一致化的差异。

-v或--version显示版本信息。

-V<备份方式>或--version-control=<备份方式>用"-b"参数备份目标文件后，备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串，这个字符串不仅可用"-z"参数变更，当使用"-V"参数指定不同备份方式时，也会产生不同字尾的备份字符串。

-Y<备份字首字符串>或--basename-prefix=--<备份字首字符串>设置文件备份时，附加在文件基本名称开头的字首字符串。

-z<备份字尾字符串>或--suffix=<备份字尾字符串>此参数的效果和指定"-B"参数类似，差别在于修补作业使用的路径与文件名若为src/linux/fs/super.c，加上"backup/"字符串后，文件super.c会备份于/src/linux/fs/backup目录里。

-Z或--set-utc把修补过的文件更改，存取时间设为UTC。

--backup-if-mismatch在修补数据不完全吻合，且没有刻意指定要备份文件时，才备份文件。

--binary以二进制模式读写数据，而不通过标准输出设备。

--help在线帮助。

--nobackup-if-mismatch在修补数据不完全吻合，且没有刻意指定要备份文件时，不要备份文件。

--verbose详细显示指令的执行过程。

#p#

NAME

patch - apply a diff file to an original

SYNOPSIS

patch [options] [originalfile [patchfile]]

but usually just

patch -pnum <patchfile

DESCRIPTION

patch takes a patch file patchfile containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or more original files, producing patched versions. Normally the patched versions are put in place of the originals. Backups can be made; see the -b or --backup option. The names of the files to be patched are usually taken from the patch file, but if there's just one file to be patched it can specified on the command line as originalfile.

Upon startup, patch attempts to determine the type of the diff listing, unless overruled by a -c (--context), -e (--ed), -n (--normal), or -u (--unified) option. Context diffs (old-style, new-style, and unified) and normal diffs are applied by the patch program itself, while ed diffs are simply fed to the ed(1) editor via a pipe.

patch tries to skip any leading garbage, apply the diff, and then skip any trailing garbage. Thus you could feed an article or message containing a diff listing to patch, and it should work. If the entire diff is indented by a consistent amount, or if a context diff contains lines ending in CRLF or is encapsulated one or more times by prepending "- " to lines starting with "-" as specified by Internet RFC 934, this is taken into account.

With context diffs, and to a lesser extent with normal diffs, patch can detect when the line numbers mentioned in the patch are incorrect, and attempts to find the correct place to apply each hunk of the patch. As a first guess, it takes the line number mentioned for the hunk, plus or minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk. If that is not the correct place, patch scans both forwards and backwards for a set of lines matching the context given in the hunk. First patch looks for a place where all lines of the context match. If no such place is found, and it's a context diff, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 1 or more, then another scan takes place ignoring the first and last line of context. If that fails, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 2 or more, the first two and last two lines of context are ignored, and another scan is made. (The default maximum fuzz factor is 2.) If patch cannot find a place to install that hunk of the patch, it puts the hunk out to a reject file, which normally is the name of the output file plus a .rej suffix, or # if .rej would generate a file name that is too long (if even appending the single character # makes the file name too long, then # replaces the file name's last character). (The rejected hunk comes out in ordinary context diff form regardless of the input patch's form. If the input was a normal diff, many of the contexts are simply null.) The line numbers on the hunks in the reject file may be different than in the patch file: they reflect the approximate location patch thinks the failed hunks belong in the new file rather than the old one.

As each hunk is completed, you are told if the hunk failed, and if so which line (in the new file) patch thought the hunk should go on. If the hunk is installed at a different line from the line number specified in the diff you are told the offset. A single large offset may indicate that a hunk was installed in the wrong place. You are also told if a fuzz factor was used to make the match, in which case you should also be slightly suspicious. If the --verbose option is given, you are also told about hunks that match exactly.

If no original file origfile is specified on the command line, patch tries to figure out from the leading garbage what the name of the file to edit is, using the following rules.

First, patch takes an ordered list of candidate file names as follows:

*: If the header is that of a context diff, patch takes the old and new file names in the header. A name is ignored if it does not have enough slashes to satisfy the -pnum or --strip=num option. The name /dev/null is also ignored.
*: If there is an Index: line in the leading garbage and if either the old and new names are both absent or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch takes the name in the Index: line.
*: For the purpose of the following rules, the candidate file names are considered to be in the order (old, new, index), regardless of the order that they appear in the header.

Then patch selects a file name from the candidate list as follows:

*: If some of the named files exist, patch selects the first name if conforming to POSIX, and the best name otherwise.
*: If patch is not ignoring RCS, ClearCase, and SCCS (see the -g num or --get=num option), and no named files exist but an RCS, ClearCase, or SCCS master is found, patch selects the first named file with an RCS, ClearCase, or SCCS master.
*: If no named files exist, no RCS, ClearCase, or SCCS master was found, some names are given, patch is not conforming to POSIX, and the patch appears to create a file, patch selects the best name requiring the creation of the fewest directories.
*: If no file name results from the above heuristics, you are asked for the name of the file to patch, and patch selects that name.

To determine the best of a nonempty list of file names, patch first takes all the names with the fewest path name components; of those, it then takes all the names with the shortest basename; of those, it then takes all the shortest names; finally, it takes the first remaining name.

Additionally, if the leading garbage contains a Prereq: line, patch takes the first word from the prerequisites line (normally a version number) and checks the original file to see if that word can be found. If not, patch asks for confirmation before proceeding.

The upshot of all this is that you should be able to say, while in a news interface, something like the following:

| patch -d /usr/src/local/blurfl

and patch a file in the blurfl directory directly from the article containing the patch.

If the patch file contains more than one patch, patch tries to apply each of them as if they came from separate patch files. This means, among other things, that it is assumed that the name of the file to patch must be determined for each diff listing, and that the garbage before each diff listing contains interesting things such as file names and revision level, as mentioned previously.

OPTIONS

-b or --backup

Make backup files. That is, when patching a file, rename or copy the original instead of removing it. When backing up a file that does not exist, an empty, unreadable backup file is created as a placeholder to represent the nonexistent file. See the -V or --version-control option for details about how backup file names are determined.

--backup-if-mismatch

Back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default unless patch is conforming to POSIX.

--no-backup-if-mismatch

Do not back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the default if patch is conforming to POSIX.

-B pref or --prefix=pref

Prefix pref to a file name when generating its simple backup file name. For example, with -B /junk/ the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is /junk/src/patch/util.c.

--binary

Read and write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and /dev/tty. This option has no effect on POSIX-conforming systems. On systems like DOS where this option makes a difference, the patch should be generated by diff -a --binary.

-c or --context

Interpret the patch file as a ordinary context diff.

-d dir or --directory=dir

Change to the directory dir immediately, before doing anything else.

-D define or --ifdef=define

Use the #ifdef ... #endif construct to mark changes, with define as the differentiating symbol.

--dry-run

Print the results of applying the patches without actually changing any files.

-e or --ed

Interpret the patch file as an ed script.

-E or --remove-empty-files

Remove output files that are empty after the patches have been applied. Normally this option is unnecessary, since patch can examine the time stamps on the header to determine whether a file should exist after patching. However, if the input is not a context diff or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch does not remove empty patched files unless this option is given. When patch removes a file, it also attempts to remove any empty ancestor directories.

-f or --force

Assume that the user knows exactly what he or she is doing, and do not ask any questions. Skip patches whose headers do not say which file is to be patched; patch files even though they have the wrong version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches are not reversed even if they look like they are. This option does not suppress commentary; use -s for that.

-F num or --fuzz=num

Set the maximum fuzz factor. This option only applies to diffs that have context, and causes patch to ignore up to that many lines in looking for places to install a hunk. Note that a larger fuzz factor increases the odds of a faulty patch. The default fuzz factor is 2, and it may not be set to more than the number of lines of context in the context diff, ordinarily 3.

-g num or --get=num

This option controls patch's actions when a file is under RCS or SCCS control, and does not exist or is read-only and matches the default version, or when a file is under ClearCase control and does not exist. If num is positive, patch gets (or checks out) the file from the revision control system; if zero, patch ignores RCS, ClearCase, and SCCS and does not get the file; and if negative, patch asks the user whether to get the file. The default value of this option is given by the value of the PATCH_GET environment variable if it is set; if not, the default value is zero if patch is conforming to POSIX, negative otherwise.

--help

Print a summary of options and exit.

-i patchfile or --input=patchfile

Read the patch from patchfile. If patchfile is -, read from standard input, the default.

-l or --ignore-whitespace

Match patterns loosely, in case tabs or spaces have been munged in your files. Any sequence of one or more blanks in the patch file matches any sequence in the original file, and sequences of blanks at the ends of lines are ignored. Normal characters must still match exactly. Each line of the context must still match a line in the original file.

-n or --normal

Interpret the patch file as a normal diff.

-N or --forward

Ignore patches that seem to be reversed or already applied. See also -R.

-o outfile or --output=outfile

Send output to outfile instead of patching files in place.

-pnum or --strip=num

Strip the smallest prefix containing num leading slashes from each file name found in the patch file. A sequence of one or more adjacent slashes is counted as a single slash. This controls how file names found in the patch file are treated, in case you keep your files in a different directory than the person who sent out the patch. For example, supposing the file name in the patch file was

/u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c

setting -p0 gives the entire file name unmodified, -p1 gives

u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c

without the leading slash, -p4 gives

blurfl/blurfl.c

and not specifying -p at all just gives you blurfl.c. Whatever you end up with is looked for either in the current directory, or the directory specified by the -d option.

--posix

Conform more strictly to the POSIX standard, as follows.

*: Take the first existing file from the list (old, new, index) when intuiting file names from diff headers.
*: Do not remove files that are empty after patching.
*: Do not ask whether to get files from RCS, ClearCase, or SCCS.
*: Require that all options precede the files in the command line.
*: Do not backup files when there is a mismatch.

--quoting-style=word

Use style word to quote output names. The word should be one of the following:

literal: Output names as-is.
shell: Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output.
shell-always: Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting.
c: Quote names as for a C language string.
escape: Quote as with c except omit the surrounding double-quote characters.

You can specify the default value of the --quoting-style option with the environment variable QUOTING_STYLE. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is shell.

-r rejectfile or --reject-file=rejectfile

Put rejects into rejectfile instead of the default .rej file.

-R or --reverse

Assume that this patch was created with the old and new files swapped. (Yes, I'm afraid that does happen occasionally, human nature being what it is.) patch attempts to swap each hunk around before applying it. Rejects come out in the swapped format. The -R option does not work with ed diff scripts because there is too little information to reconstruct the reverse operation.

If the first hunk of a patch fails, patch reverses the hunk to see if it can be applied that way. If it can, you are asked if you want to have the -R option set. If it can't, the patch continues to be applied normally. (Note: this method cannot detect a reversed patch if it is a normal diff and if the first command is an append (i.e. it should have been a delete) since appends always succeed, due to the fact that a null context matches anywhere. Luckily, most patches add or change lines rather than delete them, so most reversed normal diffs begin with a delete, which fails, triggering the heuristic.)

-s or --silent or --quiet

Work silently, unless an error occurs.

-t or --batch

Suppress questions like -f, but make some different assumptions: skip patches whose headers do not contain file names (the same as -f); skip patches for which the file has the wrong version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume that patches are reversed if they look like they are.

-T or --set-time

Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that the context diff headers use local time. This option is not recommended, because patches using local time cannot easily be used by people in other time zones, and because local time stamps are ambiguous when local clocks move backwards during daylight-saving time adjustments. Instead of using this option, generate patches with UTC and use the -Z or --set-utc option instead.

-u or --unified

Interpret the patch file as a unified context diff.

-v or --version

Print out patch's revision header and patch level, and exit.

-V method or --version-control=method

Use method to determine backup file names. The method can also be given by the PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL (or, if that's not set, the VERSION_CONTROL) environment variable, which is overridden by this option. The method does not affect whether backup files are made; it affects only the names of any backup files that are made.

The value of method is like the GNU Emacs `version-control' variable; patch also recognizes synonyms that are more descriptive. The valid values for method are (unique abbreviations are accepted):

existing or nil: Make numbered backups of files that already have them, otherwise simple backups. This is the default.
numbered or t: Make numbered backups. The numbered backup file name for F is F.~N~ where N is the version number.
simple or never: Make simple backups. The -B or --prefix, -Y or --basename-prefix, and -z or --suffix options specify the simple backup file name. If none of these options are given, then a simple backup suffix is used; it is the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable if set, and is .orig otherwise.

With numbered or simple backups, if the backup file name is too long, the backup suffix ~ is used instead; if even appending ~ would make the name too long, then ~ replaces the last character of the file name.

--verbose

Output extra information about the work being done.

-x num or --debug=num

Set internal debugging flags of interest only to patch patchers.

-Y pref or --basename-prefix=pref

Prefix pref to the basename of a file name when generating its simple backup file name. For example, with -Y .del/ the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/.del/util.c.

-z suffix or --suffix=suffix

Use suffix as the simple backup suffix. For example, with -z - the simple backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/util.c-. The backup suffix may also be specified by the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable, which is overridden by this option.

-Z or --set-utc

Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that the context diff headers use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, often known as GMT). Also see the -T or --set-time option.

The -Z or --set-utc and -T or --set-time options normally refrain from setting a file's time if the file's original time does not match the time given in the patch header, or if its contents do not match the patch exactly. However, if the -f or --force option is given, the file time is set regardless.

Due to the limitations of diff output format, these options cannot update the times of files whose contents have not changed. Also, if you use these options, you should remove (e.g. with make clean) all files that depend on the patched files, so that later invocations of make do not get confused by the patched files' times.

ENVIRONMENT

PATCH_GET: This specifies whether patch gets missing or read-only files from RCS, ClearCase, or SCCS by default; see the -g or --get option.
POSIXLY_CORRECT: If set, patch conforms more strictly to the POSIX standard by default: see the --posix option.
QUOTING_STYLE: Default value of the --quoting-style option.
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX: Extension to use for simple backup file names instead of .orig.
TMPDIR, TMP, TEMP: Directory to put temporary files in; patch uses the first environment variable in this list that is set. If none are set, the default is system-dependent; it is normally /tmp on Unix hosts.
VERSION_CONTROL or PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL: Selects version control style; see the -v or --version-control option.

FILES

$TMPDIR/p*: temporary files
/dev/tty: controlling terminal; used to get answers to questions asked of the user

patch 中文man页面