游标是SQL的一个内存工作区,由系统或用户以变量的形式定义。游标的作用就是用于临时存储从数据库中提取的数据块。Oracle数据库的Cursor类型包含三种: 静态游标:分为显式(explicit)游标和隐式(implicit)游标;REF游标:是一种引用类型,类似于指针。下面我们一一介绍它们的使用。
1.隐式游标
1)Select …INTO…语句,DML语句,使用隐式Cursor。此外,还有一种使用FOR LOOP的Implicit Cursor用法。
2)可以通过隐式Cusor的属性来了解操作的状态和结果。Cursor的属性包含:
SQL%ROWCOUNT 整型代表DML语句成功执行的数据行数。
SQL%FOUND 布尔型值为TRUE代表插入、删除、更新或单行查询操作成功。
SQL%NOTFOUND 布尔型与SQL%FOUND属性返回值相反。
SQL%ISOPEN 布尔型DML执行过程中为真,结束后为假。
3) 隐式Cursor由系统自动打开和关闭.
例如:
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- begin
- update employees set employee_name='Mike' where employee_id=1001;
- if SQL%FOUND then
- dbms_output.put_line('Name is updated');
- else
- dbms_output.put_line('Name is not updated');
- end if;
- end;
- /
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- begin
- for tableInfo in (select * from user_tables) loop
- dbms_output.put_line(tableInfo.table_name);
- end loop;
- exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);
- end;
- /
2.显式游标
1) 显式Cursor的属性包含:
游标的属性 返回值类型 意义
%ROWCOUNT 整型 获得FETCH语句返回的数据行数
%FOUND 布尔型 最近的FETCH语句返回一行数据则为真,否则为假
%NOTFOUND 布尔型 与%FOUND属性返回值相反
%ISOPEN 布尔型 游标已经打开时值为真,否则为假
2) 对于显式游标的运用分为四个步骤:
a 定义游标---Cursor [Cursor Name] IS;
b 打开游标---Open [Cursor Name];
c 操作数据---Fetch [Cursor name]
d 关闭游标---Close [Cursor Name]
以下是几种常见显式Cursor用法。
- <p>set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor cur is select * from user_tables;
- tableInfo user_tables%rowtype;
- begin
- open cur;
- loop
- fetch cur into tableInfo;
- exit when cur%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line(tableInfo.table_name);
- end loop;</p><p>exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);</p><p> close cur;
- end;
- /</p>
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor cur is select * from user_tables;
- begin
- for tableInfo in cur loop
- dbms_output.put_line(tableInfo.table_name);
- end loop;
- exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);
- end;
- /
还可以使用带参数open的cursor。
- <p>set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor cur(tblName varchar2) is select * from user_constraints where table_name=tblName;
- tableInfo user_constraints%rowtype;
- begin
- open cur('EMPLOYEES');
- loop
- fetch cur into tableInfo;
- exit when cur%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line(tableInfo.constraint_name);
- end loop;</p><p>exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);</p><p> close cur;
- end;
- /</p><p></p>
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor cur(tblName varchar2) is select * from user_constraints where table_name=tblName;
- begin
- for tableInfo in cur('EMPLOYEES') loop
- dbms_output.put_line(tableInfo.constraint_name);
- end loop;
- exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);
- end
- /
可以使用WHERE CURRENT OF子句执行UPDATE或DELETE操作。
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor cur is select * from employees for update;
- begin
- for tableInfo in cur loop
- update employees set salarysalary=salary*1.1 where current of cur;
- end loop;
- commit;
- exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);
- end;
- /
3.REF CURSOR(Cursor Variables)
REF Cursor在运行的时候才能确定游标使用的查询。利用REF CURSOR,可以在程序间传递结果集(一个程序里打开游标变量,在另外的程序里处理数据)。
也可以利用REF CURSOR实现BULK SQL,提高SQL性能。
REF CURSOR分两种,Strong REF CURSOR 和 Weak REF CURSOR。
Strong REF CURSOR:指定retrun type,CURSOR变量的类型必须和return type一致。
Weak REF CURSOR:不指定return type,能和任何类型的CURSOR变量匹配。
Ref cursor的使用:
1) Type [Cursor type name] is ref cursor
2) Open cursor for...
3) Fetch [Cursor name]
4) Close Cursor
例如:
Step1:
- create or replace package TEST as
- type employees_refcursor_type is ref cursor return employees%rowtype;
- procedure employees_loop(employees_cur IN employees_refcursor_type);
- end TEST;
- /
Step2:
- create or replace package body TEST as
- procedure employees_loop(employees_cur IN employees_refcursor_type) is
- emp employees%rowtype;
- begin
- loop
- fetch employees_cur into emp;
- exit when employees_cur%NOTFOUND;
- dbms_output.put_line(emp.employee_id);
- end loop;
- end employees_loop;
- end TEST;
- /
Step3:
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- empRefCur TEST.employees_refcursor_type;
- begin
- for i in 10..20 loop
- dbms_output.put_line('Department ID=' || i);
- open empRefCur for select * from employees where department_id=i;
- TEST.employees_loop(empRefCur);
- end loop;
- exception
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line(sqlerrm);
- close empRefCur;
- end;
- /
4.BULK SQL
使用FORALL和BULK COLLECT子句。利用BULK SQL可以减少PLSQL Engine和SQL Engine之间的通信开销,提高性能。
1. To speed up INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, enclose the SQL statement within a PL/SQL FORALL statement instead of a loop construct. 加速INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE语句的执行,也就是用FORALL语句来替代循环语句。
2. To speed up SELECT statements, include the BULK COLLECT INTO clause in the SELECT statement instead of using INTO. 加速SELECT,用BULK COLLECT INTO 来替代INTO。
- SQL> create table employees_tmp as select first_name, last_name, salary from employees where 0=1;
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor employees_cur(depId employees.department_id%type) is select first_name, last_name, salary from employees where department_id=depId;
- type employee_table_type is table of employees_cur%rowtype index by pls_integer;
- employee_table employee_table_type;
- begin
- open employees_cur(100);
- fetch employees_cur bulk collect into employee_table;
- close employees_cur;
- for i in 1..employee_table.count loop
- dbms_output.put_line(employee_table(i).first_name || ' ' || employee_table(i).last_name || ',' || employee_table(i).salary);
- end loop;
- forall i in employee_table.first..employee_table.last
- insert into employees_tmp values(employee_table(i).first_name, employee_table(i).last_name, employee_table(i).salary);
- commit;
- end;
- /
5. 动态性能表V$OPEN_CURSOR
本视图列出session打开的所有cursors。
关于Oracle数据库游标的类型和使用的知识就介绍到这里了,如果您想了解更多的Oracle数据库的知识,可以到这里看一下:http://database.51cto.com/oracle/,相信一定能够带给您收获的!
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