使用JDBC API时,很多操作都要声明抛出java.sql.SQLException异常,通常情况下是要制定异常处理策略。而Spring的JDBC模块为我们提供了一套异常处理机制,这套异常系统的基类是DataAccessException,它是RuntimeException的一种类型,那么就不用强制去捕捉异常了,Spring的异常体系如下:
目前为止我们还没有明确地处理Spring中JDBC模块的异常。要理解它的异常处理机制,我们来做几个测试。看下面的测试代码:
- public void insert(final Vehicle vehicle) {
- String sql = "insert into vehicle
- (ID,PLATE,CHASSIS,COLOR,WHEEL,SEAT) values
- (:id,:plate,:chassis,:color,:wheel,:seat)";
- SqlParameterSource parameterSource = new BeanPropertySqlParameterSource(
- vehicle);
- getSimpleJdbcTemplate().update(sql, parameterSource);
- }
- public void insert(final Vehicle vehicle) {
- String sql = "insert into vehicle(ID,PLATE,CHASSIS,COLOR,WHEEL,SEAT)
- values(:id,:plate,:chassis,:color,:wheel,:seat)";
- SqlParameterSource parameterSource = new BeanPropertySqlParameterSource(
- vehicle);
- getSimpleJdbcTemplate().update(sql, parameterSource);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
- "classpath:org/ourpioneer/vehicle/spring/applicationContext.xml");
- VehicleDAO vehicleDAO = (VehicleDAO) ctx.getBean("vehicleDAO");
- Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle("辽B-000000", "1A00000001", "RED", 4, 4);
- vehicle.setId(1);
- vehicleDAO.insert(vehicle);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
- "classpath:org/ourpioneer/vehicle/spring/applicationContext.xml");
- VehicleDAO vehicleDAO = (VehicleDAO) ctx.getBean("vehicleDAO");
- Vehicle vehicle = new Vehicle("辽B-000000", "1A00000001", "RED", 4, 4);
- vehicle.setId(1);
- vehicleDAO.insert(vehicle);
- }
修改SQL语句,不使用自增主键的特性,并在这里设置重复的主键,那么运行程序,就会报出字段重复的异常。下面来捕捉这个异常:
- try {
- vehicleDAO.insert(vehicle);
- } catch (DataAccessException e) {
- SQLException sqle = (SQLException) e.getCause();
- System.out.println("Error code: " + sqle.getErrorCode());
- System.out.println("SQL state: " + sqle.getSQLState());
- }
- try {
- vehicleDAO.insert(vehicle);
- } catch (DataAccessException e) {
- SQLException sqle = (SQLException) e.getCause();
- System.out.println("Error code: " + sqle.getErrorCode());
- System.out.println("SQL state: " + sqle.getSQLState());
- }
此时,我们就可以获得错误码和SQL状态(不同的数据库系统会有不同):
关于HSQL数据库的错误码可以到org.hsqldb.Trace类中查看,只要注意运行结果会有一个负号,而类中定义的是没有负号的。这样就知道了这个错误的具体含义,比如104:***约束验证失败。这就是我们故意设置的重复主键问题。
Spring的JDBC模块为我们预定义了一些错误代码,它存储在org.springframework.jdbc.support包下的sql-error-codes.xml文件中,其中描述HSQL的内容为:
- <bean id="HSQL" class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodes">
- <property name="databaseProductName">
- <value>HSQL Database Engine</value>
- </property>
- <property name="badSqlGrammarCodes">
- <value>-22,-28</value>
- </property>
- <property name="duplicateKeyCodes">
- <value>-104</value>
- </property>
- <property name="dataIntegrityViolationCodes">
- <value>-9</value>
- </property>
- <property name="dataAccessResourceFailureCodes">
- <value>-80</value>
- </property>
- </bean>
- <bean id="HSQL" class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodes">
- <property name="databaseProductName">
- <value>HSQL Database Engine</value>
- </property>
- <property name="badSqlGrammarCodes">
- <value>-22,-28</value>
- </property>
- <property name="duplicateKeyCodes">
- <value>-104</value>
- </property>
- <property name="dataIntegrityViolationCodes">
- <value>-9</value>
- </property>
- <property name="dataAccessResourceFailureCodes">
- <value>-80</value>
- </property>
- </bean>
其余数据库的错误码内容也可以从这个文件之中获得。下面我们来看看如何自定义异常处理。上面我们已经知道在org.springframework.jdbc.support包下有sql-error-codes.xml文件,在Spring启动时会自动读取这个文件中的错误码,它为我们预分类了一些错误码,而我们可以加强它,来使用我们自定义的异常。首先,定义一个异常类,我们就来自定义一下前面的-104错误,就是HSQL的重复键的问题:
- package org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception;
- import org.springframework.dao.DataIntegrityViolationException;
- public class VehicleDuplicateKeyException extends
- DataIntegrityViolationException {
- public VehicleDuplicateKeyException(String msg) {
- super(msg);
- }
- public VehicleDuplicateKeyException(String msg, Throwable cause) {
- super(msg, cause);
- }
- }
- package org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception;
- import org.springframework.dao.DataIntegrityViolationException;
- public class VehicleDuplicateKeyException extends
- DataIntegrityViolationException {
- public VehicleDuplicateKeyException(String msg) {
- super(msg);
- }
- public VehicleDuplicateKeyException(String msg, Throwable cause) {
- super(msg, cause);
- }
- }
之后我们重新新建一个sql-error-codes.xml代码,并将它放到类路径的根目录下,这样Spring会发现它并使用我们自定义的文件,在配置中定义如下:
- <bean id="HSQL" class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodes">
- <property name="databaseProductName" value="HSQL Database Engine" />
- <property name="useSqlStateForTranslation" value="false" />
- <property name="customTranslations">
- <list>
- <ref local="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslation" />
- </list>
- </property>
- </bean>
- <bean id="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslation"
- class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.CustomSQLErrorCodesTranslation">
- <property name="errorCodes" value="-104" />
- <property name="exceptionClass"
- value="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception.VehicleDuplicateKeyException" />
- </bean>
- <bean id="HSQL" class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLErrorCodes">
- <property name="databaseProductName" value="HSQL Database Engine" />
- <property name="useSqlStateForTranslation" value="false" />
- <property name="customTranslations">
- <list>
- <ref local="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslation" />
- </list>
- </property>
- </bean>
- <bean id="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslation"
- class="org.springframework.jdbc.support.CustomSQLErrorCodesTranslation">
- <property name="errorCodes" value="-104" />
- <property name="exceptionClass"
- value="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception.VehicleDuplicateKeyException" />
- </bean>
HSQL的bean的名称不要改,并将useSqlStateForTranslation置为false,就可以使用我们自己定义的异常类了。在主函数中移除try/catch块,启动程序,我们就可以看到如下内容:
从启动信息中可以发现Spring发现了我们自定义的sql-error-codes.xml,并替换其中的HSQL数据库处理部分,使用了我们定义的异常,模拟出主键重复的异常后,VehicleDuplicateKeyException就抛出了。除此之外,还可以实现SQLExceptionTranslator接口,并在JDBC模板中注入其实例来实现异常控制,我们来看一下,首先创建一个Translator类:
- package org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception;
- import java.sql.SQLException;
- import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.UncategorizedSQLException;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLExceptionTranslator;
- public class VehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator implements SQLExceptionTranslator {
- public DataAccessException translate(String task, String sql,
- SQLException ex) {
- if (task == null) {
- task = "";
- }
- if (sql == null) {
- }
- if (ex.getErrorCode() == -104) {
- return new VehicleDuplicateKeyException(buildMessage(task, sql, ex));
- } else {
- return new UncategorizedSQLException(task, sql, ex);
- }
- }
- private String buildMessage(String task, String sql, SQLException ex) {
- return "数据库操作异常:" + task + "; SQL [" + sql + "]; " + ex.getMessage();
- }
- }
- package org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception;
- import java.sql.SQLException;
- import org.springframework.dao.DataAccessException;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.UncategorizedSQLException;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.support.SQLExceptionTranslator;
- public class VehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator implements SQLExceptionTranslator {
- public DataAccessException translate(String task, String sql,
- SQLException ex) {
- if (task == null) {
- task = "";
- }
- if (sql == null) {
- }
- if (ex.getErrorCode() == -104) {
- return new VehicleDuplicateKeyException(buildMessage(task, sql, ex));
- } else {
- return new UncategorizedSQLException(task, sql, ex);
- }
- }
- private String buildMessage(String task, String sql, SQLException ex) {
- return "数据库操作异常:" + task + "; SQL [" + sql + "]; " + ex.getMessage();
- }
- }
其中,要覆盖translate方法,方法有三个参数,task表示当前操作要进行的任务是什么,sql就是执行的sql语句,ex表示SQLException,我们可以从中获取异常信息,其处理代码仅仅捕捉了错误码为-104(HSQL数据库)的错误,其余的配置信息可以根据需要来自行添加。之后要在Spring中重新配置它们:
- <bean id="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator"
- class="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception.VehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator"></bean>
- <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
- <property name="exceptionTranslator" ref="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator" />
- <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
- </bean>
- <bean id="vehicleDAO" class="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.dao.VehicleDAOImpl">
- <property name="jdbcTemplate" ref="jdbcTemplate" />
- </bean>
- <bean id="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator"
- class="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.exception.VehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator"></bean>
- <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
- <property name="exceptionTranslator" ref="vehicleDuplicateKeyTranslator" />
- <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
- </bean>
- <bean id="vehicleDAO" class="org.ourpioneer.vehicle.dao.VehicleDAOImpl">
- <property name="jdbcTemplate" ref="jdbcTemplate" />
- </bean>
调整DAO实现类的代码:
- public class VehicleDAOImpl extends SimpleJdbcDaoSupport implements VehicleDAO {
- … …
- public void insert(final Vehicle vehicle) {
- String sql = "insert into vehicle(ID,PLATE,CHASSIS,COLOR,WHEEL,SEAT) values(?,?,?,?,?,?)";
- getJdbcTemplate().update(sql, vehicle.getId(),vehicle.getPlate(),vehicle.getChassis(),vehicle.getColor(),vehicle.getWheel(),vehicle.getSeat());
- }
- … …
- }
- public class VehicleDAOImpl extends SimpleJdbcDaoSupport implements VehicleDAO {
- … …
- public void insert(final Vehicle vehicle) {
- String sql = "insert into vehicle(ID,PLATE,CHASSIS,COLOR,WHEEL,SEAT) values(?,?,?,?,?,?)";
- getJdbcTemplate().update(sql, vehicle.getId(),vehicle.getPlate(),vehicle.getChassis(),vehicle.getColor(),vehicle.getWheel(),vehicle.getSeat());
- }
- … …
- }
为了进行测试,其它代码可不用修改,这样继续运行测试程序,同时将sql-error-codes.xml文件从类路径的根路径下去除,就可以得到如下结果:
Spring的JDBC模块在自定义异常处理上也非常灵活,可以选择自己喜欢的方式来实现。希望对使用者有用,欢迎交流,下一部分开始介绍Spring的ORM。
原文链接:http://sarin.javaeye.com/blog/888458
【编辑推荐】