使用面向对象语言进行过程式设计的例子,可谓俯拾皆是。看这段代码:
- public class SyncExecutor {
- public void executeSync() {
- syncSchools();
- syncGrades();
- syncFaculties();
- }
- }
这段代码很清晰,分别执行了对学校、年级与教师信息的同步。一目了然,似乎没有什么问题。然而,如果深入阅读各个同步子方法,就会发现某种坏味道,那就是重复代码。
- private void syncSchools() {
- List<School> sourceSchools = getSourceSchools();
- List<School> targetSchools = new ArrayList<School>();
- List<String> sourceSchoolCodes = getSchoolCodes(sourceSchools);
- Map<String,School> targetSchoolWithCodeMapping = schoolService.getSchoolWithCodeMapping(sourceSchoolCodes);
- for (School sourceSchool:sourceSchools) {
- String schoolCode = sourceSchool.getSchoolCode();
- School targetSchool = targetSchoolWithCodeMapping.get(schoolcode);
- if (targetSchool == null) {
- targetSchool = new School(
- sourceSchool.getSchoolCode(),
- sourceSchool.getSchoolName(),
- sourceSchool.getProvinceCode(),
- sourceSchool.getSchoolAddress(),
- sourceSchool.getSchoolZip(),
- sourceSchool.getSchoolTel());
- } else if (isCover) {
- targetSchool.setSchoolCode(sourceSchool.getSchoolCode());
- targetSchool.setSchoolName(sourceSchool.getSchoolName());
- targetSchool.setProvinceCode(sourceSchool.getProvinceCode());
- targetSchool.setSchoolAddress(sourceSchool.getSchoolAddress());
- targetSchool.setSchoolZip(sourceSchool.getSchoolZip());
- targetSchool.setSchoolTel(sourceSchool.getSchoolTel());
- }
- targetSchools.add(targetSchool);
- }
- syncService.saveOrUpdate(targetSchools);
- }
- private void syncGrades() {
- List<Grade> sourceGrades = getSourceGrades();
- List<Grade> targetGrades = new ArrayList<Grade>();
- List<String> sourceGradeCodes = getGradeCodes(sourceGrades);
- Map<String,Grade> targetGradeWithCodeMapping = gradeService.getGradeWithCodeMapping(sourceGradeCodes);
- for (Grade sourceGrade:sourceGrades) {
- String gradeCode = sourceGrade.getGradeCode();
- Grade targetGrade = targetGradeWithCodeMapping.get(gradeCode);
- if (targetGrade == null) {
- targetGrade = new Grade(
- sourceGrade.getGradeCode(),
- sourceGrade.getName(),
- sourceGrade.getEntranceDay(),
- sourceGrade.getGraduateDay(),
- sourceGrade.getSchoolCode(),
- sourceGrade.getSchoolProperty());
- } else if (isCover) {
- targetGrade.setGradeCode(sourceGrade.getGradeCode());
- targetGrade.setName(sourceGrade.getName());
- targetGrade.setEntranceDay(sourceGrade.getEntranceDay());
- targetGrade.setGraduateDay(sourceGrade.getGraduateDay());
- targetGrade.setSchoolCode(sourceGrade.getSchoolCode());
- targetGrade.setSchoolProperty(sourceGrade.getSchoolProperty());
- }
- targetGrades.add(targetGrade);
- }
- syncService.saveOrUpdate(targetGrades);
- }
当然,真实的代码更加复杂与混乱,但如果经过一系列重构,例如Rename Method,Extract Method之后,就会变得逐渐清晰,大体结构如上述展示的代码。阅读这样的代码,是否发现各个同步子方法均有似曾相识的感觉呢?究其原因,在于同步的执行逻辑大体相似,换言之,它们具有相似的模板。我们需要改善其结构,实现代码的重用。然而,在方法层面上,我们已很难实现这一点。事实上,当我们在编写同步方法时,已经落入了过程式设计的窠臼。我们首先想到的是执行的过程,而非对象。现在,我们需要将这些执行过程封装为对象,充分地利用继承等机制实现类级别的重用。显然,这里可以运用Form Template Method重构。当然,在此之前,我们还需要运用Extract Superclass,对School、Grade等类进行一系列重构,例如为它们建立共同的父类Entity,提供getCode()方法。并运用Rename Method,将原来各自实体类的相关方法,例如getSchoolCode()、getGradeCode()等,更名为getCode()。
现在,我们需要为同步操作定义一个共同的抽象类DataSynchronizer,然后利用Move Method重构,将原有SyncExecutor的相关代码搬移到DataSynchronizer中:
- public abstract class DataSynchronizer {
- public void execute() {
- List<Entity> sourceEntities = getSourceEntities();
- List<Entity> targetEntities = new ArrayList<Entity>();
- List<String> sourceEntityCodes = getEntityCodes(sourceEntities);
- Map<String,Entity> targetEntityWithCodeMapping = getEntityWithCodeMapping(sourceEntityCodes);
- for (Entity sourceEntity:sourceEntities) {
- String entityCode = sourceEntity.getCode();
- Entity targetEntity = targetEntityWithCodeMapping.get(entityCode);
- if (targetEntity == null) {
- targetGrade = createEntity(sourceEntity);
- } else if (isCover) {
- updateEntity(targetEntity,sourceEntity);
- }
- targetEntities.add(targetEntity);
- }
- syncService.saveOrUpdate(targetEntities);
- }
- protected abstract List<Entity> getSourceEntities();
- protected abstract List<String> getEntityCodes(List<Entity> entities);
- protected abstract Map<String,Entity> getEntityWithCodeMapping(List<String> entityCodes);
- protected abstract Entity createEntity(Entity sourceEntity);
- protected abstract void updateEntity(Entity target, Entity source);
- }
注意,在获得Entity与Code的Map对象时,我对原有的代码实现进行了封装,因为不同的实体同步类,所要调用的Service对象是不一样的。因此,需要将调用Service相关方法的实现留给子类。现在,只需要定义各个同步类继承DataSynchronizer,重写相关的受保护抽象方法即可:
- public class SchoolSynchronizer extends DataSynchronizer{}
- public class GradeSynchronizer extends DataSynchronizer{}
- public class FacultySynchronizer extends DataSynchronizer{}
接着,修改SyncExecutor类的实现。为方便调用同步子类的相关方法,我定义了一个Factory Method:
- public class SyncExecutor {
- public void executeSync() {
- for (DataSynchronizer dataSync:createSynchronizers()) {
- dataSync.execute();
- }
- }
- protected List<DataSynchronizer> createSynchronizers() {
- List< DataSynchronizer> synchronizers =
- new ArrayList< DataSynchronizer();
- synchronizers.add(new SchoolSynchronizer());
- synchronizers.add(new GradeSynchronizer());
- synchronizers.add(new FacultySynchronizer());
- return synchronizers;
- }
- }
以真正面向对象的方式来完成上述功能,无论在代码结构、重用性还是扩展性方面,比诸之前的实现,都有了长足的改善。这就是面向对象设计的优雅之处。
纵观整个重构过程,实际上,我在运用Convert Procedural Design to Objects重构时,大量运用了Rename Method、Extract Method、Move Method、Extract Superclass、Form Template Method等重构手法。这是合乎常情的。当我们在对程序进行重构时,往往需要运用各种重构手法,才能达到最终的重构目的。对于大型重构而言,这种特征尤其明显。
原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/wayfarer/archive/2010/12/23/1914530.html
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